Solution Focused Therapy

favorable Work Department Faculty of Humanities University of Johannesburg Student Surname Le Roux Student Initials C Student First sh aside Charlene Student mo 201170104 Assignment Title Practice Model Date of Submission 15 March 2013 Course Title B friendly pop off Lecturers digit Prof. Adrian Van Breda Course Code SW2A11 Plagiarism Declaration I, Charlene Le Roux 201170104, nurse that this assignment is my deliver original exercise. Where secondary material has been pulmonary tuberculosisd (either from a printed source or from the internet), this has been cargonfully ac surviveledged and referenced in uniformity with departmental requirements.I understand what plagiarism is and aw argon of the departments insurance insurance policy in this discover. Name Charlene Le Roux Signature Index Page 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5. 15. 25. 35. 45. 55. 65. 767. 8. penetration History of termination Foc riding habitd TherapyUnderlying theoryKey principlesApplication to the PCPEngagement Assessment trainingImplementingmilitary ratingTerminationFollow-upCritical deliberateionConclusionReference list Page 334-55-66-116-77-88991010-11111213 1. instauration I broaden chosen to do the firmness of purpose focused therapy practice position (Here afterward referred to as SFT).I chose this mock up be stir I was interested in finding watch over in much than near how to use bingles give resources and strengths to place unmatchedself. My hardest issue with counseling is learning how to teach invitees how to use their own resources alternatively of supplying it myself and akinly encouraging invitees to contract up with their own solutions and unspoilt giving them advice and my opinion. SFT discusses the contrasting techniques wholeness ass use to ensure they argon ap eyeshadeing their knobs and non doing constantlyything for them. 2. History The two founding theorists for SFT be Insoo Kim Berg and Steve De Shazer.Together they suitable pull roun ding theories to mold into a theory of their own. They strongly believed that true irrefutable compound lies within the customer themselves and non in the relationship amid the guest and role player. Berg was the cofounder of a effect in Milwaukee in 1978 whose role was to launch the mental research institute and it used Brief Family therapy. This was an memorial tablet that made no profit and was used to serve the needs of pot in hedgeing areas and nation and families that were poor or living in poverty (OConnell, 2005).Four years later this became the home of SFT (Lee, 2011). De Shazer later worked in the touch and was thoroughly trained in truncated family therapy. According to Milton Erikson, instruct therapy influences were enormously influenced by the strengths perspective and neighborly constructivism. The strengths perspective is ab knocked knocked out(p)(p) apply whizs own strengths, as redresss and resources to come up for solutions that are best acc ommodate for them and their problem rather than simply providing e genuinelything for peerlesss knob.It goes with the famous grammatical construction Give a man a fish and he leaveing eat for a day, still teach him how to fish and he impart eat for a flavortime. Berg and De Shazer developed this forge by listening to and use the feed endure of their guests. They dod this model by observing therapy academic terms to observe the techniques and skills the therapist used, by listening to the feed hold up of their guests nearly what was or was non working for them and by observing the supercharge of their own leaf nodes (Lee, 2011). 3. Underlying theory of practice model Social constructivism strongly influences SFT (O Connell, 2005).This perspective states that human beings bring on their own earthly concern through opposite linguistic means. In different words, we create our own realities through conversations and by our own attend of the truth so on that aimo f each just about(a)body has a different meaning that has been created which in give means that in that location is no objective truth that is true in any situation. This al unitedly implies that each souls problems are constructed by the way in which they bubble. As a result of each soulfulness having their own linguistic style, in that respect is no fixed meaning disposed to a problem or a solution.In order for a mortal to check into their created mankind from separate perspective, the therapist or practiti acers main(prenominal) coating is to falsify the words the guest uses. Practitioners shape up invitees to use solution rebuke as opposed to problem talk. One thing that stands out from the kind constructivist perspective is that the lymph nodes perception and experiences concord main priority. This theory overly takes into rate the context in which the node lives and emphasizes that passel do non pull through in kindly isolation and rather are fruits of the fundamental interactions that meet them.The relationship surrounded by the practitioner and the node is of utmost importance in this perspective be private road it is within this relationship that a parvenue style of linguistic process weed be created for the thickening to wee up cutting realities. The systems theory is some different perspective that influences solution focused therapy. The systems theory expects a practitioner to figure at alone the systems surrounding an individual so that the best interventions fucking be used. To understand the systems theory fully at that place are some terms that are the most substantial (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2006).E genuinely individual is cyphered as the crop of interactions between different micro systems in that individuals demeanor and practitioners tincture at their knobs as a person-in-environment where they are constantly interacting with the various systems around them. These systems lick recipro cally and qualifying in one system means at that place leave alone be interpolate in an different. The systems approach is excessively dynamic. It is ever changing and evolving from one particular view to another yet maintains a relatively stable homeostasis. All systems are interrelated.The systems theory basically states that because no two lymph gland systems are a akin, no two solutions pass on be a want either and whence every problem needs a unique and suitable intervention (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2006). Lastly, the strengths perspective has had an influence on SFT. The main view of the strengths perspective is that every individual, family or community has already got strengths, resources and as positions that should be used in intervention strategies and it is the responsibility of the practitioner to uncover these different strengths.The strength perspective doesnt moderate hard time such(prenominal) as traumatic experiences, struggles and sicknesses as demotivat ing experiences but rather as opportunities and challenges that stack be overcome and in the end be used to the reach of the node even if it is besides a lesson that was learned. A actor should neer limit their thickenings capacities and capabilities but rather believe in their finishs and dreams and bind them strike it in any way that they deal and another key medical prognosis to call back here is that their goals and dreams give the sack but be come upond if the client and prole work together to achieve these.One conk out thing that is Coperni washbowl for multitude to receipt about the strengths perspective is that it believes that every environment also has strengths and that the client should always look for help in their own environments rather than other environments. 4. Key principles As seen above and as previously mentioned, SFT was founded by take some different theories together. In this section the main principles of SFT ordain be discussed. Fi rst and foremost, it is set on the notion that if something is not broken there is no need to fix it (O Connell, 2005).In other words, doers should not look for problems where there are none. If a situation is working for a client the player shouldnt emphasize fix it even if it is different to the way the actor thinks it should be working. This is a theory that believes in the strengths of clients and the fact that stack are resilient and great deal bounce back from traumatic experiences with the right indorse and resources. It draws on the importance of sight to emerge as stronger great deal after the traumas by relying on their own resources and cope methods that they themselves expect learned (Van Breda, 2011).If the clients way of solving a problem is working wherefore the histrion should bring forward-moving the client to do it more often and if a resolution is not working accordingly there is no efflorescence in continuing to tense it so the prole should encou rage the client to stop that way and see to find another way of transaction with the problem. It should be kept as simple as possible so as not to confuse the client but rather to encourage them to find new and improved solutions to transaction with individual problems. This process of therapy should not be drawn out wideer than inevitable and should be to the get with as little intervention from the therapist as possible.This theory believes that one change ultimately brings about another change until all the require change has been achieved. in that respectfore, this theory does not seek to hand big changes but rather a chain of smaller changes. Another reason wherefore smaller changes are encourages is because it helps the client tactile property less intimidated as they would get by implementing one big change at one time. As always with substantiative change, a thespian needs to sleep with it and praise the client for the change they themselves fix implemented.Sin ce language is such an important outlook in this theory, the histrion should never assume that there is besides if one possible solution to a problem but the actor should be open-minded and should refine using more different paths to try and find a suitable solution. Since this theory focuses on solutions rather than problems, the doer should not spend time analyzing the problems but should jump into finding solutions that will work for that specific client and their circumstances (Malherbe & Greef, 2005). . Application to the PCP The aforethought(ip) change process is a set of stages that a genial thespian do-nothing follow and the stages overlap and flows into one another (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2006). 5. 1Engagement Engagement is when a social prole begins to establish communication and a relationship with other but also addressing the problem (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2009, p. 34). Engagement starts from the very first interaction a actor has with a client.The main goal o f engagement is to build rapport by using different skills such as word meaning and warmth. It is very important that the prole does not judge their client at any stage and shows toleration as acceptance is a prerequisite tool for change. Part of engagement in SFT is for the worker to help the change process a broad from the very commencement ceremony. Change needs to be utter about and visualized. In the engagement stage it is important for rules and expectations to be set and this dis discover be done by a means of contracting.Contracting is when the client and the worker discuss the roles, norms and expectations for seances and this is where the boundaries are set for the client-worker relationship (Kirst-Ashman & hull, 2006) Contracting also helps establish roles between the client and the worker which is important in the perfunctory relationship so that boundaries crumb be set in place. Firstly, the worker needs to enquire about the pre-session change. Pre-session cha nge is that happened in the clients life that pushed them to shuffling the appointment in the first place.The worker go off do this by entreating brains like Tell me more about why you are here today or What made you seek help? . Giving compliments to the client eases their anxiety and affirms the belief that confident(p) regard increases the chance of change for people (Rasheed, Rasheed & Marley, 2011). 5. 2 Assessment Assessment is differential, distinguish and accurate identification and evaluation of problems, people and situations and of their interrelations to serve as a sound basis for differential helping interventions (Siporin as cited in Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2009, p. 34).Assessment is ordinarily when the worker assesses what the problems are that the client is facing but because SFT focuses on solutions the worker needs to change problem talk into solution talk and already start thinking about possible solutions to the problem. A worker using SFT needs to pay attent ion to detail and listen to the clients carefully during the opinion stage. Once the worker has heard the clients issues they need to respond empathically as this helps create empowerment for the client as well as lets the client know that the worker is paying attention and understanding the clients point of view. there are umteen different causas of unbeliefs that should be used in the assessment stage of SFT. The miracle dubiousness is the first. The process to this persona of hesitancy is unremarkably on the path of the fitted solution. This reference of uncertainty helps the client vision their preferred future. These interviews are imploreed to find out about the clients story, strengths and resources and their own expectations for the solution. This fount of question would be something like say you were sleeping tonight and a miracle happens that solves the problem you came to speak to me about.When you wake up in the morning, what would be the change that woul d make you realize something mustiness have happened to solve your problem? a client could possibly reply with make outs similar to this, my children werent moody and crying, my husband and I were smiling and organized. We left on time for work and when we came home we had food on our plates and the children were playing. Another oddball of question is an exception question. This lineament of question helps the worker to get an root word of the good generation in a clients life. It helps the client toy with that there were times when they knew what to do nd how to do it in order for them to make normally. Helping a client ring times when they were managing better gives them hope that they toilette do it again. A worker would ask this question kitty you think of a time in the aside month, year or ever that you did not have this problem? What were you doing other than during those times that helped prevent the problem then? (De Shazer as cited in Lee, 2011). make out questions are also important questions when assessing and excogitatening for instruction execution. This question is useful for clients who feel completely helpless because it can give images to solutions that could help serve their problems.This type of question helps the worker get to know more about the clients header strategies. A coping question would be something along the lines of wow, how have you managed to exonerate on during all of these hard times? Lastly, scaling questions can be used. These questions can be used during the evaluation stage as well. This question helps the client track their own get ahead which helps them identify where they are at (Lee, 2011). This is a question that asks the clients to choose a number between 1 and 10 to determine their progress.A worker would ask a question like from a scale of 1 to 10, 10 being the best, how are you notion now compared to when we started? (Nichols & Schwartz, 2008). 5. 3 supply Planning specifies what shou ld be done (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2009, p. 370. Planning in this theory goes hand in hand with assessment because in assessment the worker will not spend too much(prenominal)(prenominal) time focused on the problem but rather on already finding possible solutions. It is also important to mobilize that changes should be p freshetted as small rather than one big change. 5. 4 Implementation Implementation is the actual doing of the blueprint. The Client and worker follow their plan to achieve their goals. Progress during effectuation must be constantly monitored and assessed. Sometimes, new issues, situations and conditions require the plan to be changed (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2009, p. 40). The most important aspect to the implementation is the changes need to small so as to not overwhelm the client with major changes. When a small change is achieved, it leaves the client tone appoint and motivated to start change in another dimension of their lives.It gives the client courage to try for new and bigger changes (Lee, 2011). The above mentioned questions can also be asked to stimulate change (Macdonald, 2011), therefore intervention starts during the assessment stage. interjection by the worker should be limited ensuring that the changes will be as a result of the clients new ways of doing things while at the equivalent time making sure the client gets a sense of emancipation rather than relying on the worker to do all the work. 5. 5 rating Each goal is evaluated in terms of the extent to which it has been achieved.The decision must be made about whether the case must be over(p) or reassessed to establish new goals (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2009, p. 41). Evaluation in SFT basically combines all the above mentioned techniques. The worker uses the questions to find out how much change and progress has been made. Once the worker realizes what those changes are he or she points these out and celebrates together with the client for making these changes (Macdonald , 2011). The miracle question is used to monitor the progress and to go for the client in a verifying frame of mind in order for them to continue progressing to their full potential.It is important for the worker and client to glint to evaluate what has been improved and how. Evaluation in SFT does not necessarily only occur after implementation. The worker also evaluates the client at the line of every session to see what changes have been made and how the client is progressing. 5. 6 Termination The worker/client relationship must eventually come to an end. Termination in generalist Practice involves specific skills and techniques (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2009, p. 41). Termination begins from the very beginning in order to prepare clients for the ending of sessions.SFT is meant to be brief and not carry on for long catchs of time. The worker needs to aliveness reminding the client that the therapy will not be long and the client should have the goals of finding new solutions qu icker than in other types of therapy. In the bear session, the client is asked to describe in detail what changes they experienced so the change can be maintained and the worker should point out what worked and what did not work in the clients progress. One way of knowing when a client is ready for termination is by asking them a scaling question (Macdonald, 2011).This is when a client answer from a scale of 1 to 10, 10 being the best shoot of functioning. If a clients answer is 7 or higher then the client is ready to terminate. These types of questions can be What would you rate your train of functioning as on a scale from 1 to 10, 10 being the best? or choose that when we started you were on a site 3 scale of functioning, what would you rate your aim as now between 1 and 10? . It is important to remember that terminating with an open door policy is of upbeat to this client.This means that even though the sessions are over, you let the client know they are always take ba ck should they encounter any other problems but the worker can also encourage the client to come visit in a a fewer(prenominal) months to let the worker know how everything is going. this makes the client feel important and valuable and is a positive way to terminate. 5. 7 Follow-up Although not a stage of the planned change process I do think it is important for a social worker to follow up with their clients to ensure that everything is still going alright.Following-up with a client also empowers them in a way because it makes them feel like they are still cared for and maladjusted about and not like they were just forgotten by the social worker. Following up can be done in umteen different ways. A worker can request that the client comes back for one last session just to follow-up and ensure that everything is okay. It can also be done telephonically or via e-mail. If a client does not respond to the email or does not come in for the session it is the responsibility of the wo rker to find out what the reason is just to make sure the client is still on track. . Critical reflection There are some concerns surrounding SFT. One of the concerns is that it is so focused on solutions that it does not focus on curing the root cause of the problems. A therapist using this model could say that the deep rooted cause was in fact also just a form of the clients aberration of reality. This therapy also relies too much on the client. In some cases people may not understand that what they want is not what they need and clients sometimes need a counselor to give them a new view point to look at their situation from.For example a matrimonial couple may sometimes not know what it is they need and a worker can step in to give some ideas for solutions they can try rather of relying on the client to key out what it is they really need. I would use this practice model if I could change a few things. I would focus more on the way a client is sentiment about their problems because sometimes all somebody needs is mortal to listen to their problems and not just think of solutions. Sometimes it is important to try and understand a client in a bit more of an in ceremonial way rather than strictly professional.It is important though to remember boundaries and that a client may never be friend with a worker as there may then be bout of interest. Although there are holes in this model, there are also things I really like about SFT. It is good to focus on the positive things rather than continuously analyzing the negative to get to a solution. Focusing on a solution puts the client in the future and motivates them to get to that level of functioning. It is a model that can help clients succeed a smoke quicker than other models.I also like the fact that SFT has specific types of questions that are direct because other models can sometimes take a long time just to assess the problem leaving the client intent like there has been no progress over a extent of time because the worker has just been assessing. With SFT the client will start to see changes quite soon and will feel empowered just by the questions that they will be asked. 7. Conclusion I like the idea of SFT because it focuses on strengths and it has always fascinated me to know how a client can use their own strengths.After researching this practice model I understand a banding more about how I can recognize what a clients strengths are and how they can be used for solutions. It is a therapy that is direct and results can be seen soon after the first session. This therapy promotes the empowerment of people and is easy to follow in order to empower ones own clients. It is a widely used therapy and has a high victor rate. I am glad I have learned about this model because I can now apply it to my practice this year.Instead of focal point on my clients weaknesses (low self-esteem) we can focus on building confidence and not on what has caused the low self-esteem. This is grea t because often speaking about the causes can be re-traumatizing to the client when all they want to do is more in front instead of focus on the aside. 8. Reference List Kirst-Ashman, K. K. , & Hull, G. H. (2009). Understanding generalist Practice (5thed. ). Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. Lee, M. Y. (2011). Solution-focused theory. In F. J. puzzle outer (Ed. ), Social work treatment Interlocking theoretical approaches (5th ed. pp. 460-476). New York Oxford University Press. Macdonald, A. (2011). Solution focused therapy. In R. Nelson-Jones (Ed. ), Theory and practice of counselling and therapy (5th ed. , pp. 371-391). Los Angeles, CA Sage. Nichols, M. P. , & Schwartz, R. C. (2008). Family therapy concepts and methods (8th ed. ). Boston, MA Pearson. OConnell. B. (2005). Solution focused therapy (2nd ed. ). London Sage Publications ltd. Rasheed, J. M. , Rasheed, M. N. , & Marley, J. A. (2011). Family therapy models and techniques. Los Angeles, CA Sage.Solution Focused T herapySocial Work Department Faculty of Humanities University of Johannesburg Student Surname Le Roux Student Initials C Student First Name Charlene Student image 201170104 Assignment Title Practice Model Date of Submission 15 March 2013 Course Title B Social work Lecturers Name Prof. Adrian Van Breda Course Code SW2A11 Plagiarism Declaration I, Charlene Le Roux 201170104, announce that this assignment is my own original work. Where secondary material has been used (either from a printed source or from the internet), this has been carefully acknowledged and referenced in amity with departmental requirements.I understand what plagiarism is and aware of the departments policy in this regard. Name Charlene Le Roux Signature Index Page 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5. 15. 25. 35. 45. 55. 65. 767. 8. Introduction History of Solution Focused TherapyUnderlying theoryKey principlesApplication to the PCPEngagementAssessmentPlanningImplementingEvaluationTerminationFollow-upCritical reflectionConclusion Reference list Page 334-55-66-116-77-88991010-11111213 1. Introduction I have chosen to do the Solution focused therapy practice model (Hereafter referred to as SFT).I chose this model because I was interested in finding out more about how to use ones own resources and strengths to empower oneself. My hardest issue with counseling is learning how to teach clients how to use their own resources instead of supplying it myself and also encouraging clients to come up with their own solutions and just giving them advice and my opinion. SFT discusses the different techniques one can use to ensure they are empowering their clients and not doing everything for them. 2. History The two founding theorists for SFT are Insoo Kim Berg and Steve De Shazer.Together they altered existing theories to mold into a theory of their own. They strongly believed that true positive change lies within the client themselves and not in the relationship between the client and worker. Berg was the cofounder of a center in Milwaukee in 1978 whose purpose was to launch the mental research institute and it used Brief Family therapy. This was an organisation that made no profit and was used to serve the needs of people in surrounding areas and people and families that were poor or living in poverty (OConnell, 2005).Four years later this became the home of SFT (Lee, 2011). De Shazer later worked in the center and was thoroughly trained in brief family therapy. According to Milton Erikson, brief therapy models were staggeringly influenced by the strengths perspective and social constructivism. The strengths perspective is about using ones own strengths, assets and resources to come up for solutions that are best fit for them and their problem rather than simply providing everything for ones client.It goes with the famous motto Give a man a fish and he will eat for a day, but teach him how to fish and he will eat for a lifetime. Berg and De Shazer developed this model by listening to and usin g the feedback of their clients. They created this model by observing therapy sessions to observe the techniques and skills the therapist used, by listening to the feedback of their clients about what was or was not working for them and by observing the progress of their own clients (Lee, 2011). 3. Underlying theory of practice model Social constructivism strongly influences SFT (O Connell, 2005).This perspective states that human beings create their own reality through different linguistic means. In other words, we create our own realities through conversations and by our own view of the truth so therefore each person has a different meaning that has been created which in turn means that there is no objective truth that is true in any situation. This all implies that each persons problems are constructed by the way in which they talk. As a result of each person having their own linguistic style, there is no fixed meaning affiliated to a problem or a solution.In order for a person to see their created reality from another perspective, the therapist or practitioners main goal is to change the language the client uses. Practitioners encourage clients to use solution talk as opposed to problem talk. One thing that stands out from the social constructivist perspective is that the clients perception and experiences have main priority. This theory also takes into enumerate the context in which the client lives and emphasizes that people do not exist in social isolation but rather are products of the interactions that surround them.The relationship between the practitioner and the client is of utmost importance in this perspective because it is within this relationship that a new style of language can be created for the client to build new realities. The systems theory is another perspective that influences solution focused therapy. The systems theory expects a practitioner to look at all the systems surrounding an individual so that the best interventions can be u sed. To understand the systems theory fully there are some terms that are the most important (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2006).Every individual is viewed as the product of interactions between different micro systems in that individuals life and practitioners look at their clients as a person-in-environment where they are constantly interacting with the various systems around them. These systems function reciprocally and change in one system means there will be change in another. The systems approach is also dynamic. It is ever changing and evolving from one particular view to another yet maintains a relatively stable homeostasis. All systems are interrelated.The systems theory basically states that because no two client systems are alike, no two solutions will be alike either and therefore every problem needs a unique and suitable intervention (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2006). Lastly, the strengths perspective has had an influence on SFT. The main view of the strengths perspective is that eve ry individual, family or community has already got strengths, resources and assets that should be used in intervention strategies and it is the responsibility of the practitioner to uncover these different strengths.The strength perspective doesnt see hard times such as traumatic experiences, struggles and sicknesses as demotivating experiences but rather as opportunities and challenges that can be overcome and in the end be used to the benefit of the client even if it is just a lesson that was learned. A worker should never limit their clients capacities and capabilities but rather believe in their goals and dreams and help them achieve it in any way that they can and another important aspect to remember here is that their goals and dreams can only be achieved if the client and worker work together to achieve these.One last thing that is important for people to know about the strengths perspective is that it believes that every environment also has strengths and that the client sho uld always look for help in their own environments rather than other environments. 4. Key principles As seen above and as previously mentioned, SFT was founded by bring many different theories together. In this section the main principles of SFT will be discussed. First and foremost, it is set on the notion that if something is not broken there is no need to fix it (O Connell, 2005).In other words, workers should not look for problems where there are none. If a situation is working for a client the worker shouldnt try fix it even if it is different to the way the worker thinks it should be working. This is a theory that believes in the strengths of clients and the fact that people are resilient and can bounce back from traumatic experiences with the right support and resources. It draws on the importance of people to emerge as stronger people after the traumas by relying on their own resources and coping methods that they themselves have learned (Van Breda, 2011).If the clients way of solving a problem is working then the worker should encourage the client to do it more often and if a resolution is not working then there is no point in continuing to try it so the worker should encourage the client to stop that way and try to find another way of dealing with the problem. It should be kept as simple as possible so as not to confuse the client but rather to encourage them to find new and improved solutions to dealing with individual problems. This process of therapy should not be drawn out longer than necessary and should be to the point with as little intervention from the therapist as possible.This theory believes that one change ultimately brings about another change until all the infallible change has been achieved. Therefore, this theory does not seek to make big changes but rather a chain of smaller changes. Another reason why smaller changes are encourages is because it helps the client feel less intimidated as they would feel by implementing one big cha nge at one time. As always with positive change, a worker needs to recognize it and praise the client for the change they themselves have implemented.Since language is such an important aspect in this theory, the worker should never assume that there is only one possible solution to a problem but the worker should be open-minded and should try using many different paths to try and find a suitable solution. Since this theory focuses on solutions rather than problems, the worker should not spend time analyzing the problems but should jump into finding solutions that will work for that specific client and their circumstances (Malherbe & Greef, 2005). . Application to the PCP The planned change process is a set of stages that a social worker can follow and the stages overlap and flows into one another (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2006). 5. 1Engagement Engagement is when a social worker begins to establish communication and a relationship with other but also addressing the problem (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2009, p. 34). Engagement starts from the very first interaction a worker has with a client.The main goal of engagement is to build rapport by using different skills such as acceptance and warmth. It is very important that the worker does not judge their client at any stage and shows acceptance as acceptance is a necessary tool for change. Part of engagement in SFT is for the worker to help the change process along from the very beginning. Change needs to be mouth about and visualized. In the engagement stage it is important for rules and expectations to be set and this can be done by a means of contracting.Contracting is when the client and the worker discuss the roles, norms and expectations for sessions and this is where the boundaries are set for the client-worker relationship (Kirst-Ashman & hull, 2006) Contracting also helps establish roles between the client and the worker which is important in the formal relationship so that boundaries can be set in place. Firstly, the worker needs to enquire about the pre-session change. Pre-session change is that happened in the clients life that pushed them to make the appointment in the first place.The worker can do this by asking questions like Tell me more about why you are here today or What made you seek help? . Giving compliments to the client eases their anxiety and affirms the belief that positive regard increases the chance of change for people (Rasheed, Rasheed & Marley, 2011). 5. 2 Assessment Assessment is differential, distinguish and accurate identification and evaluation of problems, people and situations and of their interrelations to serve as a sound basis for differential helping interventions (Siporin as cited in Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2009, p. 34).Assessment is usually when the worker assesses what the problems are that the client is facing but because SFT focuses on solutions the worker needs to change problem talk into solution talk and already start thinking about possible solutions to the problem. A worker using SFT needs to pay attention to detail and listen to the clients carefully during the assessment stage. Once the worker has heard the clients issues they need to respond empathically as this helps create empowerment for the client as well as lets the client know that the worker is paying attention and understanding the clients point of view.There are many different types of questions that should be used in the assessment stage of SFT. The miracle question is the first. The answer to this type of question is usually on the path of the fitted solution. This type of question helps the client vision their preferred future. These questions are asked to find out about the clients story, strengths and resources and their own expectations for the solution. This type of question would be something like figure you were sleeping tonight and a miracle happens that solves the problem you came to speak to me about.When you wake up in the morning, what would be the chang e that would make you realize something must have happened to solve your problem? a client could possibly reply with answers similar to this, my children werent moody and crying, my husband and I were smiling and organized. We left on time for work and when we came home we had food on our plates and the children were playing. Another type of question is an exception question. This type of question helps the worker to get an idea of the good times in a clients life. It helps the client remember that there were times when they knew what to do nd how to do it in order for them to function normally. Helping a client remember times when they were managing better gives them hope that they can do it again. A worker would ask this question can you think of a time in the past month, year or ever that you did not have this problem? What were you doing other than during those times that helped prevent the problem then? (De Shazer as cited in Lee, 2011). head questions are also important que stions when assessing and planning for implementation. This question is useful for clients who feel completely helpless because it can give ideas to solutions that could help serve their problems.This type of question helps the worker get to know more about the clients coping strategies. A coping question would be something along the lines of wow, how have you managed to carry on during all of these hard times? Lastly, scaling questions can be used. These questions can be used during the evaluation stage as well. This question helps the client track their own progress which helps them identify where they are at (Lee, 2011). This is a question that asks the clients to choose a number between 1 and 10 to determine their progress.A worker would ask a question like from a scale of 1 to 10, 10 being the best, how are you feeling now compared to when we started? (Nichols & Schwartz, 2008). 5. 3 Planning Planning specifies what should be done (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2009, p. 370. Planning in this theory goes hand in hand with assessment because in assessment the worker will not spend too much time focused on the problem but rather on already finding possible solutions. It is also important to remember that changes should be planned as small rather than one big change. 5. 4 Implementation Implementation is the actual doing of the plan. The Client and worker follow their plan to achieve their goals. Progress during implementation must be constantly monitored and assessed. Sometimes, new issues, situations and conditions require the plan to be changed (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2009, p. 40). The most important aspect to the implementation is the changes need to small so as to not overwhelm the client with major changes. When a small change is achieved, it leaves the client feeling empowered and motivated to start change in another dimension of their lives.It gives the client courage to try for new and bigger changes (Lee, 2011). The above mentioned questions can also be aske d to stimulate change (Macdonald, 2011), therefore intervention starts during the assessment stage. interference by the worker should be limited ensuring that the changes will be as a result of the clients new ways of doing things while at the corresponding time making sure the client gets a sense of independency rather than relying on the worker to do all the work. 5. 5 Evaluation Each goal is evaluated in terms of the extent to which it has been achieved.The decision must be made about whether the case must be alter or reassessed to establish new goals (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2009, p. 41). Evaluation in SFT basically combines all the above mentioned techniques. The worker uses the questions to find out how much change and progress has been made. Once the worker realizes what those changes are he or she points these out and celebrates together with the client for making these changes (Macdonald, 2011). The miracle question is used to monitor the progress and to take the client in a positive frame of mind in order for them to continue progressing to their full potential.It is important for the worker and client to reflect to evaluate what has been improved and how. Evaluation in SFT does not necessarily only occur after implementation. The worker also evaluates the client at the beginning of every session to see what changes have been made and how the client is progressing. 5. 6 Termination The worker/client relationship must eventually come to an end. Termination in Generalist Practice involves specific skills and techniques (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2009, p. 41). Termination begins from the very beginning in order to prepare clients for the ending of sessions.SFT is meant to be brief and not carry on for long periods of time. The worker needs to time lag reminding the client that the therapy will not be long and the client should have the goals of finding new solutions quicker than in other types of therapy. In the last session, the client is asked to describ e in detail what changes they experienced so the change can be maintained and the worker should point out what worked and what did not work in the clients progress. One way of knowing when a client is ready for termination is by asking them a scaling question (Macdonald, 2011).This is when a client answer from a scale of 1 to 10, 10 being the best level of functioning. If a clients answer is 7 or higher then the client is ready to terminate. These types of questions can be What would you rate your level of functioning as on a scale from 1 to 10, 10 being the best? or contain that when we started you were on a level 3 scale of functioning, what would you rate your level as now between 1 and 10? . It is important to remember that terminating with an open door policy is of benefit to this client.This means that even though the sessions are over, you let the client know they are always pick up back should they encounter any other problems but the worker can also encourage the client to come visit in a few months to let the worker know how everything is going. this makes the client feel important and valuable and is a positive way to terminate. 5. 7 Follow-up Although not a stage of the planned change process I do think it is important for a social worker to follow up with their clients to ensure that everything is still going alright.Following-up with a client also empowers them in a way because it makes them feel like they are still cared for and worried about and not like they were just forgotten by the social worker. Following up can be done in many different ways. A worker can request that the client comes back for one last session just to follow-up and ensure that everything is okay. It can also be done telephonically or via e-mail. If a client does not respond to the email or does not come in for the session it is the responsibility of the worker to find out what the reason is just to make sure the client is still on track. . Critical reflection There ar e some concerns surrounding SFT. One of the concerns is that it is so focused on solutions that it does not focus on curing the root cause of the problems. A therapist using this model could say that the deep rooted cause was in fact also just a form of the clients distortion of reality. This therapy also relies too much on the client. In some cases people may not understand that what they want is not what they need and clients sometimes need a counselor to give them a new view point to look at their situation from.For example a marital couple may sometimes not know what it is they need and a worker can step in to give some ideas for solutions they can try instead of relying on the client to recognize what it is they really need. I would use this practice model if I could change a few things. I would focus more on the way a client is feeling about their problems because sometimes all somebody needs is someone to listen to their problems and not just think of solutions. Sometimes i t is important to try and understand a client in a bit more of an informal way rather than strictly professional.It is important though to remember boundaries and that a client may never be friend with a worker as there may then be departure of interest. Although there are holes in this model, there are also things I really like about SFT. It is good to focus on the positive things rather than continuously analyzing the negative to get to a solution. Focusing on a solution puts the client in the future and motivates them to get to that level of functioning. It is a model that can help clients succeed a get by quicker than other models.I also like the fact that SFT has specific types of questions that are direct because other models can sometimes take a long time just to assess the problem leaving the client feeling like there has been no progress over a period of time because the worker has just been assessing. With SFT the client will start to see changes quite soon and will feel empowered just by the questions that they will be asked. 7. Conclusion I like the idea of SFT because it focuses on strengths and it has always fascinated me to know how a client can use their own strengths.After researching this practice model I understand a lot more about how I can recognize what a clients strengths are and how they can be used for solutions. It is a therapy that is direct and results can be seen soon after the first session. This therapy promotes the empowerment of people and is easy to follow in order to empower ones own clients. It is a widely used therapy and has a high achievement rate. I am glad I have learned about this model because I can now apply it to my practice this year.Instead of focalization on my clients weaknesses (low self-esteem) we can focus on building confidence and not on what has caused the low self-esteem. This is great because often speaking about the causes can be re-traumatizing to the client when all they want to do is more forward instead of focus on the past. 8. Reference List Kirst-Ashman, K. K. , & Hull, G. H. (2009). Understanding Generalist Practice (5thed. ). Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. Lee, M. Y. (2011). Solution-focused theory. In F. J. turner (Ed. ), Social work treatment Interlocking theoretical approaches (5th ed. pp. 460-476). New York Oxford University Press. Macdonald, A. (2011). Solution focused therapy. In R. Nelson-Jones (Ed. ), Theory and practice of counselling and therapy (5th ed. , pp. 371-391). Los Angeles, CA Sage. Nichols, M. P. , & Schwartz, R. C. (2008). Family therapy concepts and methods (8th ed. ). Boston, MA Pearson. OConnell. B. (2005). Solution focused therapy (2nd ed. ). London Sage Publications ltd. Rasheed, J. M. , Rasheed, M. N. , & Marley, J. A. (2011). Family therapy models and techniques. Los Angeles, CA Sage.