why i want to become a doctor Essay -- essays research papers

There is whizz Haitian proverb that has never lost its potency, despite the atmosphere of economic adversity, many civil wars, and political unrest Piti, piti, wazo fe nich li. Lite line up, the phrase means, Little by little, the bird builds its near figuratively, it represents building ones way, little by little, toward ones goals in life. To further understand the sayings significance, we should first consider the nature of birds. From tailorbirds that suture leaves together to some hummingbirds and pee wee wrens that drill lichen and spider webs to build their nests, we can see the resourcefulness birds demonstrate in obtaining nest-building materials. My life has been a similar process of building a metaphorical nest -- acquiring such qualities as compassion, dedication, and leadership through a variety of experiences to prepare for a successful career as a physician. As a bird builds through changing seasons, I too have prepared for the study of medicine through variously themed seasons in my life. During high school, for example, I cogitate my activities on serving the various communities of which I am a part. After joining Mt. Olivet SDA Church, I became involved with the community of Williamsville, New York -- participating in an anti-drug rally and health fair, leading local public speaking events, singing in church choirs at nursing homes, and visiting hospitalized church members. I was also a mentor and counselor for underprivileged children...

Historical Development of Law Enforcement Essay -- essays research pap

Since 27 B.C. law enforcement has been used by humans as a means to defend property and keep peace. Law enforcement has been ever-changing ever since it was created. It will keep changing for the greater good of the community as long is there is a continual need for law enforcement. fit in to REAL POLICE. (N.D.) Para 5, the first organized police force was created by the great nephew of Julius Caesar, Gaius Octavius in 27 B.C. These men were called Vigiles. The Vigiles were armed with wooden clubs and small swords. They were make to perform two duties, fight fires in the city and arrest law breakers. The prefect of the Vigiles became a powerful man. He had the ability to judge and sentence lawbreakers. In 1200 A.D., incline law enforcement evolved into agents called bailiffs. These men were the original peace keepers. They stood shadow watches to spot thieves and fires. The bailiffs were non tasked with crime prevention, but merely to alert the sleeping public and c reate a posse to deal with any situation. They worked by staying in one place, a post, and listening for cries of distress from the public. If a watchword was heard, the bailiff would bang on every admission he could to gather up the townspeople. Once a posse was formed, it would search the city for the law violator. Once the violator was found, a fair trial was not offered. The posses would usually beat or kill the person it suspected committed the crime. This process of gathering the townspeople to punish a crime was called the hue and cry method (Schmalleger, 2005).In the 1600s, American colonies used a law enforcement system like Englands. The colonies used the hue and cry method along with a night watch (bailiff). The mid 1600s slight improvements ... ... Local law enforcement, known as municipal law, has the largest number of employees. Local law also has the largest amount of precincts. In 2000, 12,666 police departments employed 566,000 people. Local law enforceme nt is made up of police officers you see on a daily basis driving around town. Schmalleger (2005). oft has changed since Gaius Octavius created the Vigiles in 27 B.C. Law enforcement has come from posses beating criminals to specializing into three distinct jurisdictions. History has shown that law enforcement must change with the times. RefrencesSchmalleger, F. (2005). Criminal Justice Today An canonic Text for the 21st Century (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, Pearson Prentice Hall.Unknown (2001). Real Police, History of Police. PG 1-11International Association of Women Police (N.D.).Past and Present, 1915-today. PG 1-4

Behavior: Nature vs. Nurture Essay -- genetics vs environment

For centuries psychologists have argued over which plays the larger role in child development, heredity or environment. whiz of the first theories was proposed in the seventeenth century by the British philosopher John Locke. Locke believed that a child was born with an empty mind, tabula rasa (meaning blank slate) and that everything the child learns comes from experience, zip is established beforehand. Years later, Charles Darwin brought forth his theory of evolution, which led to a return of the hereditarian viewpoint. With the twentieth century, however, came the rise of behaviorism. Behaviorists, like John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner, argued that a child can be made into any kind of person, regardless of their heredity. Today, most psychologists agree that both nature (genes) and nurture (environment) play an important role, not independently, but as they act together (Atkinson, p. 72). One of the most important factors believed to influence a child are parents. Parents are k nown to share a distinctive bond with their children. This special bond is what enables parents to shape their children. Whether it is into free-willed adolescents, ready to challenge any controversy, or into caring adults willing to spend the seventy cents a day to save a indigence stricken child. Parents have the power to mold their children. Setting firm, yet sensible, guidelines teaches children discipline and good behavior. Using physical abuse produces aggressive children, but having patience and pinch leaves a child better capable to handle stress in later years. How parents raise their children influences how they will turn out (Begley, p. 53). Surprisingly, a new confer is taking place. As the author of The Nurture Assumpt... ...sweek, (September 7, 1998). p. 52-59. Edwards, Randall. Divorce Need Not Harm Children. in Child Welfare Opposing Viewpoints. Bender, David and Leone, Bruno, Series Editors. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1998. Kevles, Behhyann H. and Daniel J. Sc apegoat Biology. Discover, (October 1997). p. 58-62. Pinker, Steven. Against Nature. Discover, (October 1997). p. 92-95. Pool, Robert. portraying of a Gene Guy. Discover, (October 1997). p. 51-55. Rosenblatt, Roger. A Game of Catch, Time, Vol. 152 (July 13, 1998). p. 90. Sapolsky, Robert. A Gene For Nothing, Discover, (October 1997). p. 40-46. Waldman, Steven. Divorce Harms Children. in Child Welfare Opposing Viewpoints. Bender, David and Leone, Bruno, Series Editors. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1998. Wright, Karen. Babies, Bonds, and Brains. Discover, (October 1997). p. 74-78.

Turning Back Time Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Turning Back TimeProgeria, an extremely rare disease caused by a slight genetic defect, victimizes every 1 in 4 million children. , (3). At the moment, there are twelve cases of Progeria in the US, and no more than one hundred have been reported around the world. charm the child suffering from Progeria will appear to have no symptoms at birth, the tell tale signs of the fatal disease will begin to surface in spite of appearance a few months, (1). The common first symptom of a child who may be a Progerian is that the ends of their shoulder bones will be re-absorbed into their bodies. Soon, he or she will be underweight and undersize for his or her age. Hair loss and dental decay will follow. The disease slowly eliminates body fat. ultimately the Progerian will become afflicted by arthritis and take on the appearance of a person five to ten times their age, (6).On average, a Progerian will exist to be thirteen. Usually their expiration will be due to a cardiovascular disease such as heart attack or stroke. everyplace the past four years, a lot of progress has been made studying Progeria. Researchers have concluded the cause of this disease is most likely due to a single letter misspelling in the genetic code on a single chromosome, which is a coiled strand of DNA within the electric cell. After examining twenty Progerians, eighteen were found to have the same genetic abnormality. The 19th case had a similar misspelling in a nearby gene. The twentieth case did not have classic Progeria, (2).The gene which was found to be abnormal in eighteen of the cases, is responsible for making the protein called lamin A. If this protein is defective, premature cell death occurs. This protein structures the inner layer of membrane surrounding the nucleus. Each Progerian e... ...theory of evolution could be found on the cover of a Hallmark birthday card. References1)Medlineplus, General instruction around health problems and diseaseshttp//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency /article/001657.htm2)Progeria Research Foundation, One of the few websites dedicated to the study of Progeriahttp//www.progeriaresearch.org/links/links.htm3)Progeria Project, Provides articles and information about Progeria http//www.progeriaproject.com/Archive/articles.htm4) Link from Berkely University Website, Interesting facts about lifespanhttp//www.cgfi.org/materials/speeches/berkely_address.htm5) USA Today, Article about Progeriahttp//www.usatoday.com/news/science/2003-04-16-agin-gene_x.htm6) CNN Link from Homepage, Detail the health issues involved with Progeriahttp//www.cnn.com/2003/HEALTH/conditions/04/17/aging.gene/

Poverty in Africa Essay -- essays research papers

African nations regularly fall to the bottom of any list measuring economic activity, such as per capita income or per capita GDP, disdain a wealth of natural resources. The bottom 25 spots of the united Nations (UN) quality of life index ar regularly filled by African nations. In 2006, 34 of the 50 nations on the UN list of least developed countries are in Africa. In many nations, the per capita income is often less than $200 U.S. per year, with the long majority of the commonwealth living on much less. In addition, Africas share of income has been consistently dropping over the past century by any measure. In 1820, the average European worker earned about three times what the average African did. Now, the average European earns twenty times what the average African does. Although per capita incomes in Africa take over also been steadily growing, and poverty falling, measures are still far better in other parts of the world, such as Latin America, which suffers from many of th e same disadvantages that Africa has.Africans should not blame Mr. Tony Blair, Prime Minister of Britain, The World Bank, George W. Bush, the president of the United States of America, any western developed country or the United Nations for attempting to redress through the Commission for Africa report, and decades of imbalances and injustices visited on Africans by both African rulers and their western collaborators. It is this callous and wicked conspiracy that has brought the beautiful and virgin continent on her knees, largely impoverishing its wad and turned them into beggars, crying babies and laughing stocks of the global community.As an African, I have lost count of the number of times, my tummy has ached, and my senses insulted by the disgraceful im... ...hat this is the era of righteousness and transparency in the running of governmental affairs, the current generation of Africans is enlightened and empowered, and are capable of asking questions about their actions. To conclude, Africans by default, volitionally and unwillingly are Africa?s worst enemies like the Ghanaian proverb goes, ?the insect that bites you can be found in your cloth?.References?UN-OHRLLS List of least(prenominal) Developed ?Founou-Tchuigoua, Bernard sustenance self-sufficiency Crisis of the collective ideology African agriculture The critical choices. United Nations University Press (1990) ISBN 0-86232-798-9 ?World Commission on Protected Areas (1995-2006) WCPA double-u and Central Africa field Key Issues The World Conservation Union ?Poverty in Africa from the World Bank?Poverty In Africa And The Commission For Africa Report by Uche Nworah Poverty in Africa Essay -- essays research papersAfrican nations regularly fall to the bottom of any list measuring economic activity, such as per capita income or per capita GDP, despite a wealth of natural resources. The bottom 25 spots of the United Nations (UN) quality of life index are regularly filled by Afri can nations. In 2006, 34 of the 50 nations on the UN list of least developed countries are in Africa. In many nations, the per capita income is often less than $200 U.S. per year, with the vast majority of the population living on much less. In addition, Africas share of income has been consistently dropping over the past century by any measure. In 1820, the average European worker earned about three times what the average African did. Now, the average European earns twenty times what the average African does. Although per capita incomes in Africa have also been steadily growing, and poverty falling, measures are still far better in other parts of the world, such as Latin America, which suffers from many of the same disadvantages that Africa has.Africans should not blame Mr. Tony Blair, Prime Minister of Britain, The World Bank, George W. Bush, the president of the United States of America, any western developed country or the United Nations for attempting to redress through the Co mmission for Africa report, and decades of imbalances and injustices visited on Africans by both African rulers and their western collaborators. It is this callous and wicked conspiracy that has brought the beautiful and virgin continent on her knees, largely impoverishing its people and turned them into beggars, crying babies and laughing stocks of the global community.As an African, I have lost count of the number of times, my tummy has ached, and my senses insulted by the shocking im... ...hat this is the era of accountability and transparency in the running of governmental affairs, the current generation of Africans is enlightened and empowered, and are capable of asking questions about their actions.To conclude, Africans by default, willingly and unwillingly are Africa?s worst enemies like the Ghanaian proverb goes, ?the insect that bites you can be found in your cloth?.References?UN-OHRLLS List of Least Developed ?Founou-Tchuigoua, Bernard Food self-sufficiency Crisis of the collective ideology African agriculture The critical choices. United Nations University Press (1990) ISBN 0-86232-798-9 ?World Commission on Protected Areas (1995-2006) WCPA West and Central Africa Region Key Issues The World Conservation Union ?Poverty in Africa from the World Bank?Poverty In Africa And The Commission For Africa Report by Uche Nworah

Poverty in Africa Essay -- essays research papers

African nations regularly fall to the bottom of any list measuring economic activity, such(prenominal) as per capita income or per capita GDP, scorn a wealth of natural resources. The bottom 25 spots of the united Nations (UN) quality of life index are regularly fill by African nations. In 2006, 34 of the 50 nations on the UN list of least developed countries are in Africa. In many nations, the per capita income is often slight than $200 U.S. per year, with the great majority of the population living on much less. In addition, Africas share of income has been consistently dropping over the past century by any measure. In 1820, the average European worker earned most three multiplication what the average African did. Now, the average European earns twenty times what the average African does. Although per capita incomes in Africa have also been steadily growing, and poverty falling, measures are still far better in other parts of the world, such as Latin America, which suffers fro m many of the same disadvantages that Africa has.Africans should not blame Mr. Tony Blair, Prime Minister of Britain, The World Bank, George W. Bush, the president of the United States of America, any western developed farming or the United Nations for attempting to redress through the missionary work for Africa report, and decades of imbalances and injustices visited on Africans by both African rulers and their western collaborators. It is this callous and wicked conspiracy that has brought the beautiful and consummate(a) continent on her knees, largely impoverishing its people and turned them into beggars, crying babies and laughing stocks of the global community.As an African, I have lost count of the number of times, my can has ached, and my senses insulted by the direful im... ...hat this is the era of accountability and transparency in the running of governmental affairs, the current generation of Africans is enlightened and empowered, and are capable of asking question s about their actions.To conclude, Africans by default, willingly and unwillingly are Africa?s worst enemies like the Ghanaian proverb goes, ?the insect that bites you can be found in your fabric?.References?UN-OHRLLS List of to the lowest degree Developed ?Founou-Tchuigoua, Bernard Food self-sufficiency Crisis of the collective ideology African agriculture The critical choices. United Nations University Press (1990) ISBN 0-86232-798-9 ?World Commission on Protected Areas (1995-2006) WCPA tungsten and Central Africa Region Key Issues The World Conservation Union ?Poverty in Africa from the World Bank?Poverty In Africa And The Commission For Africa Report by Uche Nworah Poverty in Africa Essay -- essays research papersAfrican nations regularly fall to the bottom of any list measuring economic activity, such as per capita income or per capita GDP, despite a wealth of natural resources. The bottom 25 spots of the United Nations (UN) quality of life index are regularl y filled by African nations. In 2006, 34 of the 50 nations on the UN list of least developed countries are in Africa. In many nations, the per capita income is often less than $200 U.S. per year, with the vast majority of the population living on much less. In addition, Africas share of income has been consistently dropping over the past century by any measure. In 1820, the average European worker earned about three times what the average African did. Now, the average European earns twenty times what the average African does. Although per capita incomes in Africa have also been steadily growing, and poverty falling, measures are still far better in other parts of the world, such as Latin America, which suffers from many of the same disadvantages that Africa has.Africans should not blame Mr. Tony Blair, Prime Minister of Britain, The World Bank, George W. Bush, the president of the United States of America, any western developed country or the United Nations for attempting to redres s through the Commission for Africa report, and decades of imbalances and injustices visited on Africans by both African rulers and their western collaborators. It is this callous and wicked conspiracy that has brought the beautiful and virgin continent on her knees, largely impoverishing its people and turned them into beggars, crying babies and laughing stocks of the global community.As an African, I have lost count of the number of times, my tummy has ached, and my senses insulted by the shocking im... ...hat this is the era of accountability and transparency in the running of governmental affairs, the current generation of Africans is enlightened and empowered, and are capable of asking questions about their actions.To conclude, Africans by default, willingly and unwillingly are Africa?s worst enemies like the Ghanaian proverb goes, ?the insect that bites you can be found in your cloth?.References?UN-OHRLLS List of Least Developed ?Founou-Tchuigoua, Bernard Food self-sufficienc y Crisis of the collective ideology African agriculture The critical choices. United Nations University Press (1990) ISBN 0-86232-798-9 ?World Commission on Protected Areas (1995-2006) WCPA West and Central Africa Region Key Issues The World Conservation Union ?Poverty in Africa from the World Bank?Poverty In Africa And The Commission For Africa Report by Uche Nworah

Ethics in Human Resource Management

It Is mainly up to the individual, employee or the humanity social unit who benefits from ethics. Ethics Is Important for he following reasons pleasant human basic needs, creating credibility, mulling people with leadership, Improving decision making, foresightful term gains and securing society (Importance of Ethics, 2013, Para 2). Companies must honk strategies in place in secern to ensure every last(predicate) employees within the familiarity ar able to make ethical decisions. Using ethical vexation practices are a key for long term success. Current Situation Most large corporations within the United States now have a code of ethics, which encompasses written conduct standards, internal education, and glob agreements n industry standards (Monody, 2013, p. 24). Even with standards in place, business ethics scandals continue to make headlines today. Although ethics Involve more Issue than compensation, It seems as If the majority of defile acts are motivated by financial reasons. Recently, a group of Atlanta teachers were indicted on a cheating scandal.Teachers would sit in a room for hours erasing wrong answers and marking the correct answers. The motivation behind this was for the, superintendent to receive high test scores because high test scores equal bonus money. Doctors are ailing insurance companies for realise non completed by doing this doctors are committing fraud in order to have financial gain. Investment firms are in operation(p) Opinion schemes, which involve selling ideas of large returns, whereas companies are taking funds from new Investors and paying dividends to old investors.There is no form of occupation that has not had its give birth ethnically Issues in the recent years. In order to avoid situations mentioned In the examples, human election management alma to attract the right people with the right dust of capitulum to contribute to the company. They are looking for Individuals that are able to grow and with the com pany. As the company grows, employees also grow in knowledge and come automatically. It takes breeding and experience to make effective decisions. Decision making is a task HER is faced with every day.They have to decide on a daily stern on how issues should be handled ethically and with integrity. 3 Analysis of Issue Human resources play a major image in applying ethical principles. Human resource managers set examples for the rest of the company. Most large companies have a human resource department in which employees have someone to help them with efferent issues, which includes managing spit days, holiday pay, hiring, firing, and everyday issues employees have. Without a human resource department, disputes that arise between the company and employees or either two employees would take time to resolve.Human resources are put into place, to help rectify any situations that may arise. The success of or so companies is based on the role played by human resource. Human resource pass on doing to ensure that employees are happy, and when disputes need to be resolved there is a neutral party involved who can implement policies. Management decisions make honestly while taking all aspects into consideration. In human resource management, firing, hiring, and compensation must be treated fairly. For example, a male manager should not hire a woman that is less experience but is more attractive.This is a form of discrimination and conserves no ethical morals. Making ethical business decisions consistently, is the key to a long term business success. Knowing how to make these decisions helps a company set standards throughout the organization (Ingram, 2011). One topic that most professionals do not want to discuss is ethical and integrity issues in a profession. Ethics and integrity are very important in all professions, but some positions such as human resources are expected to uphold a higher standard of ethical behavior.Human resources play an important role i n an organization they should be careful that all actions are handled fairly within the restrictions of the law. Human resource professionals should be objective and balance the needs of employees and management naturally they need to do what is best for the 4 company. Honestly, it does not always work that way because human resource refashions are also humans which entail they too can have their own agenda that may complicate situations. If human resource professions are not prepared to do what is right, then the employee and the company lose.Integrity in HER begins with treating employees respectfully. When employees get they are not treated with the respect, they no longer trust the HER professionals. Sardines-Cooley Act protects employees that report corporations and management on to civil and criminal penalties for retailing, harassing, or discriminating against employees who report suspected wrong doings (Monody, 2013, p. 8). Sardines Cooley Act protects employees that manag ement cannot suspend, demote, harass, or discriminate against an employee. Ethics is required when choosing a profession in human resource management.Employees within a corporation should review, develop and ensure policies are macrocosm adhered throughout the organization. All employees should take the time to determine what is ethical and wrong to their training program geared towards ethics training, which explained the minimum requirements for an effective program that will prevent and discover violations. Ethics in general is a strategy of good and uncollectible and fair and unfair. Ethics is affected by three primary forces religion, culture and laws of the state.Religion is the oldest foundation it draws a line between the good and the bad in society. This is based on different types of people. Culture defines the different behaviors and values from one generation to another. Some values are treasured as macrocosm ideal than others and are deemed as what determines right from wrong. Laws are the procedures that are put in place by the legal system. The problem with the laws is hat expectations cannot be cover with the law when the environment is continually changing (management study guide, 2013). Conclusion When tasked with making ethical decisions, a few steps should be kept in mind throughout the decision making process such as integrity, consideration of impact, legalities, fidelity, fairness and input receiving (Screener, 2013). To make ethical decisions, the decision maker must feel independent. If he/she does not, then the decision maker will most likely make a decision that is unethical. In ethics, integrity is the honesty and accuracy of ones actions. Individuals that work in human resources have to remember that decisions made have an impact a persons lively hood and should be taken seriously.Sometimes human resources are the completely ones that can view issues objectively if the responsibility is taken serious then everyone benefits. H uman resource professionals are debated within work places daily. Some employees see HER as the neutral party between employees and management in regards to handling issues fairly. Others see them as being the gatekeeper for executive management and do not hold any interest in employee concerns. Being a unman resource professional requires showing respect towards individual needs.Employees must feel they are being treated with respect no matter race, gender or disability. If the human resource department wishes to earn respect from employees, HER must be sure to work hard to value all individuals unique talents, and respect their dignity. A corporations strength depends on the unity and diversity of employees. Diversity offers different ideas to a company hence human resources must work hard in order to ensure everyone is working harmoniously for the benefit of the company.

An Ecological Theory Applied to Aging Essay

Ecological theories of human development consider the complex interactions betwixt humans and their changing social and physical environments. any member of bon ton experiences these interactions in a different manner, depending on factors such as the amount of resources available to them or the interconnectedness of their support system at birth. As people age and as the macrosystem itself changes in resolution to events, people within the system shift to occupy different positions in edict. Peoples psychological reactions to their evolving statuses reflect the culmination of a lifetimes worth of experiences. At for each one juncture within peoples lives, their statuses ar offspring to norms and rules belonging to society.Understood from the vantage of Bronfenbrenners ecolological systems approach, initial transactions in a persons life are the result of direct interrelationships amidst the infant and members of the microsystem (church, family, peers, school, neighborhood, play area, and health services). Microsystems, in turn, are shaped by a host of higher-up systems, which are also acting on each other at the same time. When the children in Bronfenbrenners model mature into adulthood, they are likely to occupy new roles within the macrosystem. These acquired roles may be flitting because familial roles, career placement, financial status and other factors may vary throughout peoples lifetimes. Age, however, is one factor that invariably affects peoples lives, and society to a large part determines the extent of that effect.Deep-rooted in the mentality of members of a system are beliefs about which members are suited to which roles. If a society assigns a value to the knowledge gained through a lifetime of experience, then people in late adulthood and beyond will discern themselves as vital. Alternatively, if a society chooses not to recognize that elders have an important contribution to make in society, then the elders of that society may int ernalize those beliefs and receive valueless.In the United States, common stereotypes of the elderly are that they are poorly able to meet the physical and mental demands of performing routine tasks. However, as medical checkup science improves, people are living into theirhundreds and remaining active. In addition, various forms of martial arts are practiced to enhance balance, coordination, and flexibility, and cardiovascular exercise strengthens the heart, body, and elevates fancy levels. Because of a heightened awareness of the authoritative effects of keeping a healthy diet and exercising regularly, in more cases, people can continue to bleed physically and mentally at high levels. An ecological theory of human development would recognize recent changes, such as increased longevity and improve functionality, as the catalyst for the development of new late adulthood roles and altered definitions of late adulthood.Cognitive development throughout the lifespan, or fluid int elligence, is valued to a higher place accumulated stores of intelligence, or form intelligence, in some ecological systems. In a system that seeks ways of applying the wisdom of age, mentors and apprentices benefit from the transference of knowledge and perspective. In agriculture-based communities, where apprenticeships are integral to the continuity of life, members view hastiness and rapid decision-making as immature qualities whereas, forethought and the ability to absorb the totality of a situation are the attributes of old age. In certain Black African societies, elders in the community are regarded as founts of knowledge. In traditional Latin societies, it is believed that older members of society cause inner-strength and can pass that quality along to younger generations. Individuals in these societies depend on their elderly and base many of their personal, social, and job-related decisions on the utterances of elders in the community.In technology-based societies, crys tallized intelligence is undervalued because adaptation is seen as more important to the sustenance of economic development. Those who fall behind in terms of technological instrumentality and rapid response rate are perceived as slow instead of as thoughtful. Furthermore, the uniform sentence order and grammar of English restricts the range of expression available to many elderly people. In a macrosystem in which speed and the delivery are prized more than the content of the message, senior citizens and their contributions are marginalized. The effect is that societys message to seniors that they are slow andineffectual becomes an internalized belief of everyone in society.In many other cultures, such as Arab ones, the treatment of aged people in society seems to be the reverse of how older people are treated in the U.S. In these countries, the religion and culture serve as the rational basis for delegate seniors authority in deciding on household matters. It is expected in tra ditional societies that the young provide care for and honor their aging family members. In societies with Confucian based ideologies, such as Korea, the hierarchy of respect is based on age, with the eldest members of society receiving the most esteem. The exosystem in these societies is tipped in the direction of considering the vastness of elders and their influence. All microsystems, mesosystems, and single(a)s tap into this human resource because the macrosystems endorse the idea that the elderly in society are indispensable.Microsystems in many countries are successful at integrating the services that seniors provide into the caregiving structure. In many Asian and African societies, grandparents live in the same house as parents and children. Whereas the commonly held belief in the U.S. is that grandparents excessive indulging of their grandchildren may negatively affect childrens personalities and achievement in school, it has been found that in China educated grandparents have a positive effect on their grandchildrens academic performance. In the U.S., grandparents may play an important role in parenting children in single-parent headed homes. Additionally, parents look forward to becoming grandparents, and a study conducted by Brubaker showed that 80% of grandparents were happy with their grandparenting roles. Just as these eager parents delight in assuming new roles as grandparents in life, so are there many things to look forward to as one approaches late adulthood. Depending on the macrosystem one is part of aging can be perceived as a positive or negative prospect.The extent to which a macrosystem views the importance and necessity of caring for aged ones can dictate the quality of life for seniors, peculiarly for those who are afflicted by poor physical health or forms dementia brought on and exacerbated by old age. In the US, middle-agedadults find themselves sandwiched between caring for their children and their parents. The financial and emotional burden put on these middle-aged adults further begs a solution to the need for a better system of caring for the elderly. The issues seem especially pressing in industrialized nations, where traditional ideas about caring for older family members are either nonexistent or eroding.In China, a nation in the midst of industrialization, as rural-to-urban shift increases, parents and grandparents are being left behind. In Latin cultures, filial bonds and intergenerational teaching are perpetuated by a macrosystem that espouses religious belief and traditional norms. In countries trying to balance industrialization and tradition, managing care for aging populations presents a problem, especially in countries such as Italy and Japan, where the declining natality presents a challenge for this generation of youthsAn individuals microsystem system shapes the pattern of interactions to follow for the rest of that persons life, Shifts in familial status, shifts in occupational status , issues related specifically to aging, external events, and the set of values and beliefs embodied by the macrosystem all contribute to the quality of peoples perceived well being. ranking(prenominal) citizens well-being is often related to the quality of their interactions within their microsystems. Depending on the structure of the macrosystem and sometimes on the individuals accessibility to resources, social support systems may consist of children and grandchildren of the individual, other elderly members of the community, or community members of all ages who seek the guidance of elders.Ecological systems theories provide a framework for identifying the elements of the system and within the individual that account for reasons why individuals behave and think the way they do. Shortcomings in the systems, such as with the treatment of elders, are apparent when macrosystems are compared side by side. This societys values and beliefs will have to accommodate more positive associat ions with old age before the majority of elders can enjoy meaningful, productive, and satisfying lives.

Work Roll Consumption

Reduction in subject Roll Consumption of uncase discharge lounge Using six sigma-A case sight A thesis Submitted to the Ranchi University in branchial fulfilment of the requirement for the awarding of the degree Of Master of Science Engg. In PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT By CHANDRA PRAKASH ROLL NO 20/M/PM/2002 Under the guidance of Mr K. D. P. Singh Lecturer segment of Mechanical Engineering pic machine homogeneous ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHEDPUR September -2008 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHEDPUR RANCHI UNIVERSITY CANDIDATES DECLARATIONI here certify that the educate which is being presented in this thesis authorise Reduction in lead Roll Consumption of p atomic number 18 down Pass Mill victimization six sigma-A case study in partial fulfilments for the award of degree of Master of Science Engg. In Production Management, & Submitted in the Department of Mechanical Engineering NIT, JAMSHEDPUR is an authentic record of my own mildew carried out nether the Supervision of Mr K. D. P Singh Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering. National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur. The matter embodied in this thesis has not been submitted by me for the award of either otherwise degree. Signature of after partdidateThis is to certify that to a higher place statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge. Mr K. D. P Singh Lecturer Mechanical Engineering Department NIT, Jamshedpur Dr J. N. Yadav Professor & HOD Mechanical Engineering Department Signature of internal examiner Signature of external examiner ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. C. M. Verma Head, BAF/SPM/ECL unwarmed bank casting Mill, Tata Steel for al emiting me to be a owner of this case study matching to my ara of work where I could really employ and move up my technical skills in practical aspect. I am extremely grateful to Mr K.D. P. Singh (Lectur er NIT, JSR), Mr Vivek (Sr Manager, BAF & Six sigma Co-ordinator CRM), and Mr. Dharmendra Kumar (Manager Roll shop) for guiding this case study. They have guided me at e genuinely step, receively explained the objectives, the problems statements, technical concepts and terminology to make my case study a success. They always extended a hel declivityg hand and spent their invaluable time to explain the problems that ever obstructed my path. doing in Tata Steel has not only been a learning experience on technical aspects scarcely there were many other things, which could only be experienced in organization of such repute.Their work culture, discipline, employees devotion towards their job and company ar extraordinary. Thanks a lot to all those who helped me commandly or indirectly during the completion of this case study and special thanks to the associates of Skin Pass Mill and Roll Shop of cutting be adrifting move Tata blade. Chandra Prakash ABSTRACT This case study deal s in reducing Work Roll consumption of Skin Pass Mill of cold cast Mill. algid Rolling is a Process by which hot historyed foray or stock is introduced amid rollers and squeezed or compressed to the desired thickness.The superior of work rolls that come into direct contact with the stigma product has a direct effect on product quality and tarry cognitive operation. At the time of taking up this case study, Roll damage was one of the major operational cost element for Skin ecstasy Mill & due to increase in global Roll prices its contribution increases from 15 % of occur conversion cost to 22 % of total conversion cost . In the sloshed time there were around additional problem associated with work roll cranch & operational practices at Skin stall grinder which projecting variability in the process of Roll grinding & Skin passing.This case study deals in bringing improvement in the work roll consumption of Skin pass Mill by using Six Sigma techniques (Define-Measure-A nalyse-Improve & Control). Statistical methods ar employ to analyse the data and pin catamenia the spanking causes impacting the work roll consumption of Skin Pass Mill. Regression analysis & trial plan conducted during finalizing optimal and feasible solution, as this case study deals in improving standard operating practices & reducing variability within the process of roll grinding & climb passing. CONTENTS PAGE NO ABSTRACT 4 CONTENTS 5LIST OF FIGURES 8 LIST OF TABLES 10 NOMENCLATURE 11 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE SURVEY 1. 1 INTRODUCTION 12 1. 2 BASIC OF COLD ROLLING 15 1. 3 SKIN PASS MILL 16 1. 3. 1 OVERVIEW OF SKIN PASS MILL 18 1. 3. 2 PURPOSE OF SKIN PASSING 19 1. 4 ROLLS & THEIR REQUIREMENTS 25 1. 5 ROLL GRINDING PROCESS 31 1. 6 ROLL TEXTURING PRACTICES 35 . 7 SIX SIGMA APPROACH 41 1. 7. 2 SIX SIGMA IMPLEMENTATION 41 1. 8 PROBLEM DEFINITION 44 1. 9 OBJelectroconvulsive therapyIVE OF effect STUDY 45 CHAPTER 2 outline OF THE PROBLEM PAGE NO 2. 1 INTRODUCTION 4 6 2. 2 BRAIN STORMING 46 2. 3 PARETO ANALYSIS 47 2. 4 INDIVIDUAL AND MOVING RANGE GRAPH 50 2. 5 MOODS MEDIAN TEST 52 2. 6 CAUSE EFFECT draw 57 2. 7 OUTCOME OF ANALYSIS 60 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY TO ACHIEVE OBJECTIVES 3. 1INTRODUCTION 61 3. 2 PREPERATION OF ACTION PLAN 62 . 3 regulation GRINDING TRIALS & ACTION 62 3. 4 CRACK GRINDING TRIALS & ACTIONS 63 3. 5 SKIN PANEL ROLL GRINDING 63 3. 6 street girl VARIABILITY 64 3. 7 ROLL CHANGE DUE TO ROLL pitting 64 3. 8 SCHEDULING MODIFICATION 65 3. 9 ROUGHNESS PREDICTION MODEL 66 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND discussionS PAGE NO 4. 1 INTRODUCTION 68 4. 2 BEFORE AND AFTER COMPARISSION 68 4. 3 DISCUSSION ON RESULTS 71 4. 4 RESULTS 72 4. 5 CONTROL PLAN 73 . 6 SAVINGSCALCULATION 74 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE 75 REFERENCES 76 List of inscribes Page No 1. 1 Skin Pass Mill & Tandem Cold Mill Photograph 12 1. 2 bank bill layout of cold cast mill 14 1. 3 Skin Pass Mill Tata steel 16 1. 4 Tensile try on graph before tegument Passing 20 1. 5 Tensile running graph after shin Passing 22 1. 6 Luder band 24 1. 7Correlation between Roughness & peak count28 1. 8 Skewness of Surface28 1. 9 Surface sum of moneyd at EDT m/c Tata steel 29 2. 0 Waviness Roughness & take a shit of locate30 2. Roll scratch M/c at Cold Rolling Mill 32 2. 2 EDT Vs Shot Blast Roll 37 2. 3 Effect of time & temp on shape up texture38 2. 4 Effect of ve polarity on protrude texture38 2. 5 Roll texturing m/c at Cold rolling mill40 2. 6 Work roll consumption trend at fell pass mill 44 2. 7 P atomic number 18to chart for SPM Work roll grinding 49 2. 8 X bar & moving footslog chart for normal grinding 50 2. 9 Box patch for different operator at Roll Shop 54 List of Figures Page No 3. 0 Capability histogram for normal grinding 55 3. 1 Roll tonnage trend at skin pass Mill 56 . 2 Abnormal roll change trend at skin pass mill 57 3. 3 Cause & effect diagram for roll change due to low Ra 58 3. 4 SPM Work roll consumption trend before case study 68 3. 5 SPM Work roll consumption trend before case study 69 3. 6 Capability histogram before case study 69 3. 7 Capability histogram after case study 70 3. 8 dilute of abnormal roll change at skin pass mill 71 List of Tables Page No 1. 1 Roll rough water power usher of tandem & skin pass mill 26 1. 2 Roughness the true detail of texturing m/c 27 1. Selection of peripheral cannonball along 31 1. 4 Standard Stock removal specification 33 1. 5 Grit size for different Roll 34 1. 6 act on Grinding wheel on various condition 34 1. 7 Structure of grinding based upon requirement 35 1. 8 Grinding data for skin pass mill work roll 49 1. 9 Data capturing planing machine51 2. 0 Operator variability matrix52 2. 1 Regression test result53 2. 2 Abnormal Roll Change detail at Skin Pass mill56 2. 3 Prioritization matrix for roll change reasons 57 2. 4 scheduling Example of skin pass mill59 2. Normal Grinding trials & findings62 2. 6 Crack Grinding trials & findings63 2. 7 Modified Scheduling Exampl e 65 2. 8 key of contention effecting inclemency 66 2. 9 Results of case study 72 3. 0 Control Plan for reducing work roll consumption 73 3. 1 Saving of the case study 74 NOMENCLATURE TCM Tandem Cold Mill SPM Skin Pass Mill M/c, m/c Machine EDT Electro Discharge Texturing Ra Average Roughness CRM Cold Rolling Mill IMR Individual Moving Range TDC Technical Delivery Condition ECT Eddy current testing CRMIS Cold Rolling Mill Information system PLTCM Pickling line tandem cold MillYPE Yield Point wing SPM Skin Pass Mill BAF Batch Annealing Furnace ECL Electrolytic Cleaning line RCL Recoiling line NSC Nippon Steel Corporation CRCA Cold Rolled Closed Annealed CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE SURVEY 1. INTRODUCTION This chapter knuckle unders nurture nearly cold rolling mill, Skin Pass mill, Roll grinding, and Roll texturing process . It also describes about six sigma tool & its implementation at the end it describes objective of the case study. Cold Rolling is a Proce ss by which hot rolling strip or stock is introduced between rollers and squeezed or compressed to the desired thickness.Amount of strain introduce determines the properties of the deliver the sacked product. pursuance are Purpose of Cold Rolling ? Good formability ? Superior surface break ? Reasonable strength ? Close dimensional tolerance Fig 1. 1 Tandem Cold Mill Tata steel Skin Pass Mill Tata steel Cold Rolling Mill complex has been commissioned at TATA STEEL works in the year 2000. The total output of the Cold Rolling Mill complex consists of 0. 96 mt of cold rolled and annealed products and 0. 5 mtpa (Million Tonne Per Annum) of cold rolled and galvanized products.Hence, the total installed message of this unit is approximately 1. 5 million tons per annum. The range of thickness and width of these cold rolled products are 0. 3 to 3. 2 mm and 800 to1560 mm respectively. The primary input textile to the cold rolling complex is a hot rolled coil. The cold rolled products ar e broadly under the categories ? Annealed coils ? Galvanized coils ? Cold rolled full hard coils. The cold rolled products from the Cold Rolling Mill complex are designed to cater to various market segments such as construction, general Eng. , automobile, white goods, packaging and others.CRM Process flow at Tata Steel Pickling (to remove oxides and scales) Cold rolling in tandem mill to strive desired thickness Electrolytic cleaning line to clean the surface dirt. Batch annealing furnace for internal variant relieving Skin passing to remove luder bands, develop mechanic properties, Impart desired surface finish improve emotionlessness, Inspection, finishing, dispatch Sub Section of Cold Rolling Mill ? Pickling discover &Tandem Cold Mill (PL-TCM) ? Batch Annealing Furnace (BAF) ? Electrolytic cleaning Line (ECL) ? Skin Pass Mill (SPM) ? Galvanising Line ? Recoiling Line (RCL) ? Coil Packaging Line (CPL) pic Fig 1. 2 Line lay out of Cold Rolling Mill Tata steel 1. 2 Basic of Col d Rolling Mill Following are the basic Processes ? The Hot Strip Mill sends the hot rolled coils (thickness 2 to 6 mm width and 800-1560 mm) to the Cold Rolling Mill conf utilize for processing. ? First the hot rolled coils are passed through the Pickling section containing Hydrochloric acid, in order to clean the surface of rust-brown & scales, making them ready for cold rolling. ? The press clipping Section where the edges of pickled hot rolled coils are trimmed( if necessary) ? The coil is then fed into the main mill, viz.Tandem Cold Mill with five mill stands, each having three pairs of rolls in the five stands which bring down the strip thickness in a have gotled manner to the desired target appraise of (0. 3mm to 3. 2 mm). ? This completes the process of cold rolling or rolling at ambient modeatures. ? From here the two-third of the product goes to Electrolytic cleaning line, where generally two process takes mall and they are Predegressing and electrolytic cleaning wit h the help of NaOH, after this the sheet is washed with high pressure steam to remove the bubbles of NaOH from the surface.Then the coil is dried in the hot drier. ? The coil comes to Batch Annealing furnace directly from Electrolytic cleaning line where they are stacked covered and heated in a closed(a) hood in a 100% hydrogen atmosphere. This process improves the mechanical properties of the strip. ? The Skin Pass Mill takes care of the coils annealed in Batch Annealing furnace by passing them through a single stand high- expedite mill with two pairs of rolls. The objective is to impart the correct surface texture and to control the mechanical properties as per customer requirement. The coils are properly oiled for rust protection and recoiled in the Recoiling Lines (RCL 1, 2 & 3) for inspecting the surface. ? The remaining one- third part of the production from PLTCM goes to the Galvanising Lines (1 & 2) where coils are again cleaned, rinsed, dried, L-annealed/heated and taken t hrough a Molten zinc bath for a continuous uniform coating of zinc. This zinc coating helps give a sacrificial layer on the cold rolled strip for corrosion protection. The Continuous packaging line takes care of the packing requirement of the coils as per the customer specifications. 1. 3 Skin Pass Mill pic Fig 1. 3 Skin Pass Mill Tata steel front view Skin pass mill Annealed coils are stipulation a small cold reduction (typically around 1-3 %) in the skin pass mill. This operation results in the right surface roughness imparted on the strip surface as per the customer specifications. In addition, a metallurgical defects known as str etc.er strains are eliminated, and also the flatness of the strip is improved.The basic operation through in the cold rolling mill is the wet temper rolling as a cold rolling finishing which is the final process in the integrated steel production, where all seculars received from the cold rolling process are processed into the final products with und eniable properties through cleaning, heat treatment and then temper rolling. As this process is closely related to user requirement for mechanical properties, surface properties, size etc. many detailed operation standards are required (annealing surface, size change). This process is quickly adaptable to shape correction reprocessing etc. ut there are many operations which require human hands, as compared with cold rolling. As skin passing is the final process of the integrated steel making operation, the information obtained from this process must be completely fed back to the processes on the down stream side of the steel making furnace. This process is located snuggled to users and achieving in line quality to meet the user requirements must guaranty the quality. The feed back of information to the preceding processes to be reflected in production is very chief(prenominal).The temper rolling operation falls into three types as describen below Operation using water-soluble rol ling oil Operation using oil-soluble rolling oil Operation in with no rolling oil is used (Dry rolling). Each type of rolling operation has both advantages and disadvantages. The type of rolling operation must be selected in due consideration of the ease of temper rolling, the ease of operation and rust preventive at downstream process at customers end. The surface of roll to be used for temper rolling is mat-finished by shot blasting of steel grit or Elector Discharge Texturing (EDT).This finish is widely as it ensures good paint ability. When the working rolls are ground, the roll surface is bright- finished to about Ra (0. 05m) by using a grinding wheel of small grain size. The surface roughness of the strip rolled by bright-finished rolls is below Ra(0. 35m), which is suitable for prime coating Generally, the surface finish condition of strip in the temper rolling process is controlled in terms of the surface finished of work rolls only. For confirmation of this condition, the r oughness and look of sheet surface after temper rolling isChecked at regular intervals. Temper rolling oil used is mainly applied to thick products, using dull-finished work rolls. The majority of rolling oils used for this rolling are sodium nitrite-based oils. The concentration of sodium nitrite is 5 ( 10% oil-soluble temper rolling oils higher rust preventive power to meet required uses have been developed and put into practical use. 1. 3. 1 OVERVIEW OF SKIN PASS MILL Skin pass an overview ? whiz stand mill ? 4- High wet skin pass non-reversible mill ? Capacity 1mtpa ? Line speed 900mpm ? Thk range 0. 3-3. 2 mm ? Width range 900-1580 mm SPM Equipment ? Main drive-3 ? Mill stand rolls-4 ? Auxiliary roll-8 ? Oiling system ? Fume exhaust system ? Hydraulic gap control system ? Elongation control ? Low pressure hydraulic system ? Quick roll changing car ? Auto tempered car ? Back up rolls polishing ? queer Features of SPM ? Higher productivity. ? High degree of accuracy- elongation control ? Surface cleanliness- wet skin pass ? Eco friendly fume exhaust ? Automatic quick work rolls change & pass line 1. 3. 2 PURPOSE OF SKIN PASSING ? Improvement of mechanical properties of material ? Shape correction Adjustment of surface properties (roughness) ? obligate rust preventive oil (optional) ? Improvement of mechanical properties of material ? Elimination of yield point elongation ? Improvement of formability by decreasing the yield point ? Improvement of other mechanical properties The skin passing of material has to be done with optimum parameters such that the purpose of skin passing is met. Ideally the skin passing has to be done in such a way that alternate grains are heavy by which we will get 50% strained surface grains and 50% strain drop surface grains. Upper yield pointStress Yield point elongation Lower yield point Strain Fig 1. 4 tensile test graphs before skin passing Yield point elongation is a well-known phenomenon in low carbon steel. After the e lastic portion of the stress strain curve (a schematic engineering stress-strain curve is shown in the above numberure) the cut drops at swiftness yield point. At lower yield point this drop becomes steady, but a continuous series of fluctuation appears in the stress strain curve. This is commonly known as yield point elongation. After this stage, the curve becomes smooth again.Reason The reason behind this phenomenon is the alternate locking and unlocking of dislocations by the interstitial atoms (C and N) in steel matrix. C and N atoms form interstitial solid solution and these have natural affinity for locking the dislocations. The locked dislocations cannot move freely, which restricts deformation of the material. The deformation of the material is actually caused by movement and multiplication of dislocations. The deformation stops when the dislocations are not free enough to continue their movements, and further application of point in this situation causes crack generatio n and failure.After cold rolling and annealing, a low carbon steel strip is supposed to undergo a forming operation. However, this forming becomes catchy if the dislocations are pinned down by the interstitial solute atoms. The annealing treatment provides ample opportunity for the dislocations to move freely and sit at the thermodynamically favourable sites, where the solute atoms pin the dislocations and kill their mobility. This is commonly known as Cottrell atmosphere. Now, if the material is subjected to a tensile load, the stress strain curve will show a serration, i. . alternate load drop and load jump, just after the yield point. Load drop indicates that the dislocations are pulled off from the solute atmosphere, coupled with generation of fresh dislocations under the external force, and load jump indicates that the momentarily free dislocations are again encountering with the solute atoms. This actually constitutes the stage of yield point elongation. Due to the pinning ef fect of the solute atoms, the dislocation multiplication sources also become active, which generates fresh dislocations.After this stage, when sufficient fresh dislocations are available for continuing deformation, the stress-strain curve becomes smooth again. This yield point elongation (YPE) is absolutely prejudicious as far as the formability of the material is concerned. It creates Luder bands or stretcher strain marks, which finally leads to failure of the component. These bands are visible on the strip surface. When a test specimen exhibits YPE during its tensile testing, these bands appear on the specimen surface, starting from middle (where necking starts) and spreading towards the ends, at an angle of approximately 450 to the tensile axis.YPE elongation continues money box the holy specimen surface is covered by the Luder band formation, then smooth plastic deformation starts. Here comes the role of skin passing. Since YPE, after group annealing, cannot be avoided, a sk in depth deformation is given to the just annealed steel strip. This skin depth deformation actually overcomes this region of the stress-strain curve. Sufficient occur of dislocations is pulled off from the solute (C, N) atmosphere, at the same time fresh dislocations are generated, which is sufficient for facilitating the forming operation at the next stage.If the material, in skin passed (or temper rolled) condition, is subjected to tensile testing, the stress strain curve will not show any YPE and the plastic deformation will take place without a sharp yield point, as shown in the figure below. That is what precisely desired for drawing or deep drawing grade material. If this skin passed material is left unused for a sufficiently long time, or subjected to a brief heat treatment at a low temperature, the YPE reappears once again. The YS shelter also goes up and ductility of the material drops. This phenomenon is known as strain aging. UTS YS Stress Strain Fig 1. tensile test gr aphs after skin passing From the discussion made so far, it is clear that the locking of dislocations are related to the two important factors, one is movement of dislocations, the other is movement of interstitial solute atoms. Therefore diffusion has a very important role to play. If the testing is carried out at room temperature, the mobility of dislocations under the action of external load is more than the mobility of solute atoms. If the similar test is carried out at a higher temperature, the mobility of the solute atoms increases, and movements of dislocation and solute atoms may be comparable.Such a situation would give rise to an interesting phenomenon called dynamic strain aging, where the solute atoms keep on interacting with the dislocations and the entire stress strain curve (after elastic limit) shows serration. Since YPE is directly related to the concentrations of C and N atoms in steel, the extent of deformation (known as temper elongation) to be given at skin pass mill (SPM), which is a critical factor, varies with steel composition. The magnitude of temper elongation should be high for higher C content. For instance, the temper elongation in case of CQ material should be higher than that in case of EDD grade.If the temper elongation is less than the required amount, the material will show stretcher strain marks during forming. If temper elongation is higher than the required amount, the strength of the material will increase. This is not desirable, particularly for the softer grades like IF and EDD, because the strain change exponent value is higher for these grades, compared to that for ordinary CQ material. Theoretically speaking, IF or interstitial free deep drawing grade steel should not require any skin passing. The reason is that the C and N concentrations are unploughed very low in this grade (of the order of 30 ppm).In addition, presence of Ti in this steel promotes the fixing of C and N atoms in form of carbide and carbonitiride precipitates, thereby creating a condition so that the Fe matrix becomes virtually free of interstitial solute atoms. Such a condition favours the easy movement of dislocations without any hindrance, and this steel has been established as the highest formable grade, with maximum deep drawability and ductility. In practice, IF grade steel is subjected to skin passing with a small magnitude of elongation, and, of all grades, it requires minimum temper elongation.The skin pass depends on Yield strength of the material in the following way Lower the skin pass (roughly less than 0. 6 %), the material will have the tendency to show Bauschingers effect. Higher the skin passing (above 1. 5%) the material will be over strained. Thats the reason why the skin passing for a given YS, has to be done with the optimum reduction such that the material does not get into either of the problems stated above. Also percentage reduction increases with increase YS to get the optimum properties. Parameters on which Skin pass Load dependsGrain Size Higher the ASTM grain size number (finer the grain), higher is the skin pass load. Speed Increasing the speed of skin pass mill will require higher load for the same reduction Diameter of work roll Larger the diameter of the work rolls, higher is the roll force required to remove stretcher strain. Roughness of the strip from Tandem Cold Mill The incoming coil has got some roughness values because of the final finishing in stand number (5) of tandem Cold Mill. Many times to high roughness of the incoming strip to Skin Pass Mill and the requirement of Average roughness values on the surface in the ranger of 0. -1. 2 microns for most applications, the peaks are knocked off during skin passing which is detrimental from forming and image clarity point of view. The best practice for this should be keeping as low roughness as possible on the strip surface after tandem cold mill (of course sticker formation during annealing in Batch annealing furna ce has to be kept in mind), and imparting higher roughness on the work rolls in the skin pass mill. 1. 3. 3 THEORY OF SKIN PASSING When the annealed mild steel sheet is preformed, surface markings, called stretcher strains markings, appear on deformed parts.Stretcher strains are also called as Luder bands. The formation of these markings can be prevented by Skin passing the sheet by giving the sheet elongation of 1-2 % before Performing. LUDER BAND OR STRECHER STRAIN This band is formed with an angle of about 45 deg 50 deg with respect to the tensile axis the markings formed between Upper and lower are called as Luder Lines or Stretcher Strains as shown in fig 1. 6 Tensile load Luder band Tensile load Fig 1. 6 Luder band 1. 4 Rolls & their requirement for Cold RollingThe performance characteristics of rolls used in cold rolling mill, both in Tandem Cold Mill(TCM) and Skin Pass Mill, are critical to mill productivity and to the quality and bankers acceptance of the cold rolled prod ucts. With the rapid change in roll technology, roll management in cold rolling has become an area of utmost immensity. The increasing requirements of critical surface finish and texture of flat rolled product has necessitated application of the state of art technology in roll preparation and roll inspection. Rolls also represent a significant investment and input to a value analysis of cost per ton rolled.The quality of work rolls that come into direct contact with the steel product has a direct effect on product quality and mill operation. A forged steel with a atomic number 24 content of 5 mass% has been conventionally used to meet the requirement of metallurgical structure homogeneity and high hardness for work rolls in cold rolling. Rolls having improved performance are strongly demanded. 1. 4. 1 Requirement from textured Rolls 1. 4. 1. 1 Surface finish Surface roughness is imparted to Work Rolls which are used in 5th stand of Tandem cold mill and to the work rolls of Skin Pa ss Mill.The primary requirement of surface roughness for tandem mill rolls is to prevent stickers in the next process i. e. batch annealing. The surface roughness on Skin pass mill is guided by the requirement of surface roughness on Cold rolled strip which is based on its end use. Ra is the universally recognized and most used international parameter of roughness. It is the arithmetic mean of the departures of the profile from the mean line. Ra = 1/L y (x)dx For a typical application of auto grade the Ra value in strip ranges from 0. 8 to 1. 2 micron.The final roughness on SPM roll is decided based on the transfer ratio of roughness from roll to strip (ranges from 45-60% based on mill parameters). A typical transfer plot and the values of roughness is shown in table 1. 1 Table 1. 1 Roll Roughness detail of Tandem cold mill & skin pass mill Work Roll Tandem Cold MILL Work Rolls Skin Pass Mill Work Rolls Average roughness PPC Average roughness PPC 3. 75 3 120 4. 0 70 3. 0 96, 118 4. 5 65 3. 5 80 5. 0 60 4. 0 70 The distribution of surface roughness over the roll body is also of importance to ensure consistency of surface roughness over the strip widths produced in a campaign. The ROLLTEX Electro discharge texturing process of Sarclad machine produces a texture to the capability as mentioned in table 1. 2. Roughness Definition Roughness is defined as the finer irregularities of the surface texture that unremarkably result from the inherent action of some production process such as machining or wear. Roughness features are typically in the sub micron range.Continuously recurring, irregular depressions and elevations on the surface of the coil are known as roughness. Rough coil surface is usually caused by severe roll groove wears surface roughness can also be caused due to corrosion if the rod is stored for lengthy periods in damp or corrosive atmospheres. The degree of roughness can be obdurate by microscopic examination or with Ra meter. Surface roughnes s has two main attributes Roughness height or depth, and Lateral dimension. Roughness high school of the structure on polishing or machining surface are frequently deliberate as a root mean square roughness.The units of roughness are angstroms or nanometres for smoothers surface lim and micrometers m for rougher surface. Lateral dimensions frequently and called surface spatial wave lengths are quantityd in micrometers. A rough surface is usually described in terms of its deviation from a smooth reference surface. Some conventional methods for surface measurement are optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. These can be used to produce topographic maps of surfaces. Today laser scattering technique has become more common. Ra valueAverage/mean height of surface peaks and troughs over a reference length indicates an overall profile of the sheet surface, dullness or brightness. Roughness is imparted to the rolls by Electro discharge textur ing method Table 1. 2 Roughness accuracy detail of texturing m/c Sno Range of roughness value Accuracy of surface produced (Ra) Accuracy of surface produced (PPC-peaks per centimetre) 1 0. to 6. 0 micron Ra +/- 4 % of mean Ra +/- 4 % of mean PPC 2 6. 1 to 10. 0 micron Ra +/- 5 % of mean Ra +/- 5 % of mean PPC 3 10. 1 micron Ra +/- 6 % of mean Ra +/- 6 % of mean PPC 1. 4. 1. 2 Peak Count It is the measurement of number of peaks in the specified length over a particular bandwidth (normally 1 micron).A profile peak is the highest part of the profile between an upwards and downwards crossing of the mean line. The exposed auto body panels typically require 100 ppi on the Cold rolled sheet. The transfer ratio of peak counts from roll to the strip ranges between 60-70%, based on again the rolling conditions. Figure 1. 7 shows the correlation between the roughness of the surface & the peak counts. Fig 1. 7 Correlation between roughness & peak counts Stability of the surface profil e The textured roll is required to give a consistent transfer of roughness and peak count on the strip while rolling.During rolling the surface experiences wear of the peaks and the roll is Fig 1. 8 Skewness of surface discarded after a certain tonnage, determined based on the cut-off point of surface requirement on the strip. To assess this requirement of surface stability, metrology experts and certain European instrument manufacturers have devised surface texture height parameters, which can be analysed by a Data Processing mental faculty (DPM), supplied separately by the surface finish tester manufacturers. Out of various parameters used in this analysis, the most commonly used is Rsk (Skewness) and tp % (known as bearing ratio).Rsk is the measure of the symmetry of the amplitude distribution curve about the mean line. As shown in figure 1. 8 if Rsk is negative the surface peaks are higher, which is prone to a large drop in surface finish during the initial rolling. Based on th e practical experience of cold rollers over the world, a slight compulsory value is preferred. A typical surface plot after texturing a surface to roughness value of 2. 93 micron in Sarclad EDT machine and measured by DPM is shown in Figure 1. 9 Fig 1. 9 Surface measurements done on Tata EDT-Skin Pass Mill roll.The Bearing ratio (tp%) is a measure of the length of bearing surface (expressed as a % of the assessment length), where the profile peaks have been cut off at a line which runs parallel to the mean line of the profile. The line defining the bearing surface can be set at a selected depth below the highest peak or at a selected distance above or below the mean line of the profile. When this line is set to the depth of the largest profile valley, the tp is 100% because the entire profile is above the bearing line.By plotting the tp value against depth below the highest profile peak between the 0% and 100 % limits, the bearing ratio (known as Abott- Firestone curve) curve is ob tained. Figure 1. 9 shows the bearing ratio curve against a particular value of Rsk. 1. 4. 1. 3Waviness Most surface profile results from the combined effects of roughness, waviness and form as shown in figure 2 Waviness parameters are produced by passing the data of the surface measurement through a low pass filter, so that longer wavelengths than the cut-off are included. The waviness, Wa is calculated from the resulting profile.Fig 2 Waviness, Roughness and Form of a surface Wavelengths in the roughness category 800 micron are covered or filtered out by scene, in the end application of the CR strip. Wavelengths 800 micron defined as Waviness remain or are enhanced after painting and contribute to poor Distinctness of image or image clarity. If Wa is held below 0. 6 micron, irrespective of the Ra, then those wavelengths 800 micron have only a marginally adverse effect on Distinctness of image. Samples of sheet produced by tandem/ temper mill rolls textured by the Rolltex EDT pro cess consistently show levels of Wa

Planning a system to handle school records Essay

Real userThe examination plane section of CAMS School has to maintain the scholarly person progress record. Part of the education process requires the examination department carry to assess the students at regular intervals through f altogether out the give instruction year and keep a record of achievement for severally student at the shoemakers last of the year. The examination record should build up over the duration of the course to let in the staff, students and parents to see how the students are progressing. The examination officer Mr.Ahmed has asked if I can tending them with a particular project to satisfy their need. The examination department and the examination officer Mr.Ahmed will be my end user.The problem and how I discover itMy confederate Asad study in CAMS school. In May 2008 he gave his year 10 exams and left for his holiday without taking his number. On his return when he went to collect his allow with me he found lots of mistake in the report notifica tion. The shape marks of history and literary works were written incorrect. He marked absent in mathematics. We informed the examination department about this blunder and asked them to rechecked and correct it. After two weeks the examination department could not done anything about the history and literature result as they had lost the record while they marked present him on mathematics paper. My friend was very upset with his result.Why Has This Problem Arisen?Cams school is keeping and making their school results manually, the manual files are prepared for each class and course and class teacher prepare result in register, from where they were shifted to larger-than-life result sheet and then to report cards. there is no dust in place at present to record assessment results efficiently and allow the staff to monitor the students progress throughout the year. Resultantly, the staff must find the time to meet these needs and are finding it difficult and time eat to record and collate the assessment marks using a manual system.Some evidences of problem* Every year many student complain as they were not satisfied with the result, as they complain that they had got different marks in monthly test and in term but in report card the marks emergeed are different. So the recheck of the whole term marks are extremely difficult and time consuming.* Many errors like calculation in accumulative marks or wrong percentage were found in the report card which affected in not only on grades but to a fault in their ranks.* Many test marks were either entered wrong or forget to enter.* In case of any urgent placement of faculty member, the term result could not collect from the teacher.* The teacher had lost the term result and there was no backup of it.* Some times student does not appear in the final term due to any medical grounds or any other uncertainty and they need to be promote on their past performance basis, in such situation , to find their past result of each subject is time consuming and problem as it is not visible in one page and the examiner and the teacher has to searchUser requirementMr. Ahmed wants me to develop a system which can perform pursuit functions.* Develop a system for recording and storing all the assessments undertaken by students.* script end of unit assessment marks for all the theory and practical units.* Record all the marks for the projects completed within the course.* Keep details of the students name, and year badge.* Total up the marks for the different subjects, calculate averages for each student and the group and allocate grades against level of performance.* Develop a system to identify high achieving students and those with areas of concern.* Show results of group performance in graphical format.* Be fitted to alter the system to record and process all the results.* The system must be user friendly.* The system should not involve any extra hardware or software costs.Having considered all the above, I have come up with my own List of Objectives that I must achieve in monastic order to develop a robust solution to this problem. I will use these throughout my project to check that I have satisfied the requirements of the user.Objectives General fair game* The system must adhere to the working of old system whilst computerizing as much as possible.* The system should be automatic as possible, reducing the need of user intervention where possible.* The system should be secure. Unauthorized personnel must not be able to gain access to the details stored on the system.* The system must be stable and reliable it must not breakdown or crash which may result in lost data.* Create a template that can be reused for each new year group* Produce graphs to show results graphically* Hard copy of reports should be formatted to be printed out on one page* Use color to identify certain groups of student Qualitative objective* The system should store detail of all student result and their marks .* The result should be easily identified, thus allowing the user to show the result of individual student.* Record of individual student can be maintained.* By making folder of each year each class result would be easily identified.* The system should automatically calculate the cumulative marks, percentage and graph of individual student in every subject,* The system should allow user to gain accurate result in calculation.* The user should able to enter all the data and easily view it.* Every part of the system must be accessible to the user with minimum fuss. Quantitative objective* The system should able to store the data of ten course and 15 children per class.* The data must be record and available to view with in 10 second.* Past result must be identified within 30 second.* Cumulative marks, percentage and graphs must be prepared within 30 second.* The user must be using the system within one week of receiving it without further help.Different solution of the problemCAMS are already working with manual solution so it is useless to create any manual solution. My initial thoughts are that a solution could be developed using a Spreadsheet or Database package or maybe a Word Processing package. The following table identifies each of these applications, considering the function software can perform.

Meiji Restoration

It is a fact that the Meiji paying back managed to accomplish a great many radical changes, but without a revolutionary level of violence. How did this happen? To understand this, one mustiness know what the Meiji Restoration was and when it in additionk place. It was through the years from 1867 to 1868 that the Tokugawa Era under the great Tokugawa Liasu came to an end with the Meiji damages, in which the emperor moth Meiji moved from Kyoto to Tokyo where the new Imperial Capital was established.However, at the same season, the actual political power was effectively transferred from Tokugawa to a group of small snip noblemen, and Japan was forced to enter into treaties with Westerners, in much the same way as any other subjugated Asian nation. (Meiji Period 2002) In short, it tooshie be stated that this period in the history of Japan has been termed a renewal, in which Japans political and social structure became unalterably changed, and because of which Japan launched into its industrialization period. Intended as a strong measure to consolidate power against the totalism, the samurai and the daimyo, all remnants of the Edo government, Tokugawa lands were seized and placed under the imperial control. (Meiji Restoration 2008)The Samurai had to be destroyed, and most Samurai, although they resented the change bitterly, had to comply. With the Meiji payoff came electricity and wheels in the form of the first rickshaw ever. Trains followed soon, as did several other reforms and changes, the most important of which was a semblance of democracy. Education became more important than before, and the nation started progressing in leaps and bounds. People now felt that they too had a say in how the rural was to be run, and everywhere, everyone appeared to be satisfied with the advances that their country was making in all fields. (The Meiji Restoration (n.d)The issue here is this, how much influence did western powers have over the Meiji restoration in Japa n? Were the radical ideas more in keeping in accordance with the local tenor, or were they drastically different? Why then did the shogunate fall quickly, without really offering any resistance? One of the most important things to hark back when studying Japanese history is the fact that one must never consider the class struggles that are generally utilize for revolutions of all kinds instead, one must none that the interests of merchants and the ruling classes became so closely inter attached that anything that hurt one would automatically hurt the other.For example, all big merchants depended upon the interest from loans assumption to the samurai to survive, and the samurai were customers of the chonin, who felt that their own prosperity was closely tied up with the warrior classes, and this meant that they would not think of attacking the existing feudal system, even if it was unfair to them.As the Meiji restoration progressed, the samurai and the aristocrats stood together , thereby showing the world that the revolution in itself was not at all about a rising class that managed to destroy feudalism, nor was it a democratic revolt that offered greater power to representatives of the working classes of Japan. Researchers state confidently that the Meiji restoration would never have been possible but for interference that Japan received from Western powers, including British, American, French, German and Dutch. It is said that some small bits of advice were also obtained from the workers who had been engaged by the Japanese government in various positions such as pilots, engineers, financial advisers, and university and school teachers, among others.Historians believe that it was the presence of Westerners in Japan that undermined the Shogunate, and that this was one of the reasons why it fell so quickly without resistance. One must remember that the rapid economic growth in Japan during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries had made sure that the country wa s in a position of being readily transformed into a new social order, and by this time, the absurd policies of Tokugawa had become completely foolish and over-the-hill, given the social and political conditions in the country at the time.Nationalism and patriotism and national consciousness had also pervaded the people of Japan, and with the arrival of the Perry expedition, at which point of time the arrival of foreigners was considered an attack on the basic traditional values of Japan, the collapse became imminent, and one can understand that Western powers had intentionally or unintentionally applied pressure on Japan and had paved the way for the reforms about to take place, and for the fall of the Shogunate to happen.At the same time, one must also remember that even without Western influence from the United States, Great Britain and Russia among others, the radical reforms of the Meiji restoration would have been inevitable, and although several of the ideas were indeed shape d by Western influences, local flavors too played a very important role in the Meiji restoration and in the fall of the Shogunate.Therefore, it must be stated that the Meiji restoration is in actuality the endpoint of two important factors the decay within Japan of her present feudal society, and the pressure applied by Western powers to bring an end to Tokugawas outdated regime. (Chung, TK 2007)Works citedMeiji Period (1868-1912) History Japanguide.com (2002) Retrieved on February 25, 2008 from The Meiji Restoration History Text (n.d) Retrieved on February 25, 2008 from Meiji Restoration Wikipedia (2008) Retrieved on February 25, 2008 from Chung, TK The Meiji Restoration, Background The corner of the world (2007) Retrieved on February 25, 2008 from

Importance of Teamwork in Nursing Essay

Teamwork involves the merging of members of the same or different professions or domains to work towards a common goal. This group compliments the skills of each member who ar consequently committed to one purpose. Teamwork is therefore challenging and at the same time rewarding. It is coupled with a lot of enthusiasm, hope and a sh be of its let setbacks. Teamwork is initially formed in both particular group with an aim of dividing the effort of accomplishing a particular task while at the same exemplification multiplying the effect.Any positive work experience usually has an aspect of groupwork in it. Nurses make up the largest care-provider in a hospital setting thus care for is a job that requires a lot of teamwork. This involves a nurse to nurse or a nurse to physician teamwork. In most cases, the breast feeding manpower is neglected by the administration involved out-of-pocket to the anticipation of the patients recuperation and recovery, thus nurturing a form of autono my among the workforce. This serves in downsizing the emphasis on teamwork and this happens at the very expense of the same patients.Service delivery is paramount in the field of nursing and teamwork is one of the core determiners of good service delivery. Teamwork among any group, on the around other hand, is determined by various factors. These include openness, responsibility, honesty, accountability, reliability, dialogue and understanding. All this factors have to be put to consideration while putting unitedly a coherent team. A slight disregard of any would see to the failure of the team to deliver as expected.Teamwork does come with its own set of challenges that curtail the delivery of good service by the team. These mainly occur as a result of conflict among the members of the team which is in turn rooted on differences pertaining distribution of duty, sharing, priority and unnecessary competition. Poor handling of such issues often leads to the occurrence of many mista kes, mistrust among the team members, confusion, wastage of resources, lack of motivation, time wastage and lots of arguments that accommodate no water.More often than not, it is the patients who bear the yoke of such disagreements as the service rendered to them is henceforth substandard and this plunges their lives into jeopardy. Fallouts are common at this stage since the restructuring of these nursing teams would mean loss of time and complete loss of motivation among the team members. Precautions are therefore very necessary to avoid such grave situations as they do put the lives of others at stake. Adjustments should be made at the slightest sign of unrest among the team members.Sharing responsibility equally is usually the first study leap by any group. Matters pertaining age, seniority and level of experience should not be used to condescend against some members. On the contrary, the members should maximize on the potence that comes with these various facets of renewal an d others like gender, socio-cultural and economic backgrounds. Put together, all this facets can give rise to a whole new of teamwork with a lot of diversity which would lead to the conception of new ideas.The approach of issues proactively rather than reactively is in like manner a worthwhile measure to counter these challenges. Prevention has al elans worked better than cure and this is also the same convention with proactive action. The team members are charged with the task of ensuring that any prevailing or looming predicaments are brought to the light before they turn execrable and cause rifts within the team. This serves in ensuring that little or no time is lost in the process of solving problems.Letting the issues accrue and the procrastination of traffic with them ends up in the wastage of time and patients bearing the lions share of these problems due to the poor service delivery. Cultivating a culture of dialogue is another way of avoiding conflict in the course of te amwork. When a team embraces dialogue, prevalent issues are addressed and solved amicably. Positive criticism ensures that everyone can correct each other without any ambitious feelings.When criticism is directed towards a person positively, he or she is bound to make the amends wherever the error occurs. Gradual expert enhancement and restructuring the team every now and then is necessary in order to avoid monotony. This reignites the team with zeal thus ensuring a rise in quality service delivery. Clarity on the roles of each team member would also do some good. This would help in avoiding the confusion especially if the team has numerous members. Morale on the side of the administration would also improve the teams service delivery.This could be done through the formation of some form of healthy inter-teams competitions that would see the appreciation of the team that is best at service delivery. Incentives can also be brought to the picture. This would actually ensure that the teams work hard to outdo each other and thus better their teamwork in this process. An improvement in the teamwork among the nurses would have some major effects in service to the patients. at that place would be definitely be an improved client-service delivery, improved relationships between team members and consequently with the administration.These healthcare institutions would also unveil a wider range of services due to the time efficient system. In conclusion, teamwork in nursing is sacrosanct since it is a profession that deals with lives of people. An improvement in service delivery therefore means that the clients are in safer hands. Reference Institute for Innovation and Improvement, (March, 2007) Developing and sustaining effective teams. ISBN 9781904114482, Royal College of Nursing, Retrieved on 3rd April 2009 from http//www. rcn. org. uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/78735/003115. pdf,

Education is not the only key to success Essay

Most convocations use some form of parliamentary procedure for their meetings. This Factsheet non precisely briefly explains proper parliamentary procedure for much(prenominal) formal meetings, notwithstanding also describes acceptable alternatives for decision-making in smaller sorts. Rules For Meetings Just as the object of a plot gives direction to its players, traditional principles of a elective meeting guide assemblage members when they gather 1. Every member has rights equal to every other member. 2. The will of the majority mustiness be carried out. 3. The minority must be heard, and its rights protected.Only peerless topic will be considered at a quantify. In order to play a particular game, certain rules for that game must be followed. Parliamentary procedure is a set of rules for meetings which ensures that the traditional principles of equality, harmony and efficiency be kept. Roberts Rules of Order, the best-known description of standard parliamentary proc edure, is used by m either different government activitys as their rule book for conducting effective meetings. The Problem With Rules The saying Rules are meant to be broken implies that no rules are perfect.The parliamentary rules used in government provide guidance for a body of hundreds of people meeting daily for months with a great volume of melodic phrase to conduct. These same rules are not appropriate for all organizations. How rigid are your meetings? Does too much technical procedure ( performances, amendments, seconding, and so forth ) get in the counseling of effective decision-making and total group discussion? Too much formality in a meeting will frustrate and discourage members when the proceedings slow down down. Parliamentary rules for meetings are intended to help the group conduct its business (fairly and efficiently), not hinder itThere are many effective ship placeal for a group to conduct its meetings. Technical procedure, however, should be discouraged in the average group meeting. Every organization should examine standard parliamentary rules, indeed interpret and adapt them to its own use. If group members agree that the rules theyve developed permit a majority to accomplish the organizations ultimate purpose deep down a reasonable period of time, while allowing the minority a reasonable opportunity to express its views, then those rules are appropriate. Rules For Small Group Meetings?Meeting procedures for committees, executives and near boards can be much different than those for larger gatherings. Certain formalities are unnecessary when the group size is less than about a 12 members. For example 1. There is no limit to the good turn of times a member may speak to an issue. 2. It is not necessary to address the chair forwards speaking. 3. The chair neednt leave that post in order to speak, make effects or vote. (In fact, he or she may well be the most prompt participant in discussions and work of the committee. ) 4. Motions need not be seconded. 5. Action can be taken, at times, without the introduction of a trans do.If, however, a small group using these relaxed rules discovers that any one of the four basic meeting principles is being abused, then more formal procedures may be reintroduced to the meeting. Parliamentary Procedure At A Glance If your group follows parliamentary procedure by the book, the occasional technical question might be asked. 1. What is the proper sequence of move in having a motion voted on? A motion has nine possible steps Moved a intent from the floor. Seconded another member feels the proposal is worth discussing. Stated by the chair or secretary.Wording is recorded properly and everyone understands the intent of the proposal. Discussed every speaker addresses the chair and must speak only to the motion. Usually, each member may speak only once to a motion except the mover who has first and last chance to speak. Amended ever-changing the wording of the motio n by adding or deleting words replacing with different words. each amendment has the same 9 steps as a motion. Called after competent discussion, either a motion to end debate or a vote is distinguished at the discretion of the chair. Restated ensures everyone understands what is being voted on.Voted chair calls each option both in favour? , Opposed? or Abstaining? Declared results of the vote are announced by the chair. 2. Can the intent of the main motion be changed by an amendment? Yes the main motion may be changed, contrary to the intent of its movers. Only two criteria govern the use of an amendment An amendment may not convert a motion to its direct negative and An amendment must be pertinent to the topic in the main motion. E. g. , a motion to purchase a new typewriter for the secretary may not have and to pay the expenses of delegates to the annual meeting added to it.This amendment clearly has no relationship with the secretarys need for new equipment. 3. How man y amendments can be made to a motion? There are only two kinds of amendments those pertaining to the proposed motion called first rank and those pertaining to a proposed amendment called second rank (amendment to the amendment). Only one amendment of each rank may be on the floor at one time. Any number of amendments may be made to most motions, but no second rank amendments may be amended (i. e. , an amendment to the amendment to the amendment is not allowed ). 4. How can a meeting start without a quorum?A quorum is the minimum number of eligible voters that must be present at a meeting to conduct business. This number is designated in the by-laws of the organization and for a board is usually half(prenominal) the voting members plus one. If no quorum is present when the advertised hour of the meeting has been reached, then the presiding ships officer may dismiss the group (after setting a time for future meeting) or the group may agree to proceed informally with the agenda, awai ting ratification of any decisions at a future meeting or the group may discuss any items of interest but make no decisions. 5. How can our constitution be amended?A good constitution contains supply for amendment, so the structure and procedures can continually meet the changing needs and purposes of the group. Usually, a special committee is appointed to review the groups objectives, structure, functions, etc. Copies of its report and recommendations are circulated to all members with the conveyd notice and agenda for the meeting (often the organizations annual meeting). Any amendments proposed during discussion at the meeting require a majority vote for approval, but the motion to amend the constitution needs a two-thirds majority vote for pursueion.Who is the presiding officer at meetings? Often the chairsomebody is designated in the constitution or by-laws to chair the organizations meetings. In many groups, however, the chair is assigned to the past-president, special mode rator, or to a different person each time on a rotating basis. This allows the president to take a lead in debates on policy rather than maintain a rate of supposed neutrality which is directly contrary to his or her usual role as spokesperson for the group. 7. After considerable debate, we still are not fudge to vote on the motion. What can we do?A motion to postpone the matter until the next meeting may be in order, so that more instruction can be gathered. A motion to postpone temporarily (to table) allows a motion to be set aside until later in the meeting, allowing more barracknt business to be dealt with, permitting amendments to be drafted, or allowing time for implications of the motion to be checked. A motion to take from the table brings it back before the meeting. The motion may be withdrawn at the request of its mover, but only if no member present objects. 8. What happens when someone yells QuestionFrom the floor indicates that he or she wants the motion put to a vo te. Only if the chair feels that the motion has had reasonable debate and most members are ready to vote, can he or she call the question (i. e. , All those in favour? , etc. ). Another way to close discussion on a motion is for someone to make a motion to call for a vote. This motion must be seconded and requires a two-thirds majority vote in order to proceed with a vote on the motion on the floor. 9. How should a committee report be accepted by an organization?A motion to receive the report means that the organization is not committed to any of the conclusions or recommendations contained in it. (An example of such a report would be the monthly, unaudited treasurers report. ) A motion to adopt the report in whole or in part commits the organization to some or all of the recommendations of the report, and often implies some action to be taken. 10 Sometimes while one motion is being considered, an alternative motion might be the better one. How can it be presented? 1. The movers req uest permission from the presiding officer to read out the alternative motion.The movers of the original motion are asked if they will withdraw their motion, with the unanimous consent of the meeting. 3. If the original motion is withdrawn, then the alternative motion is moved. 4. If the original motion is not withdrawn, then the movers of the alternative motion inform the meeting that their motion will be moved if the original is defeated. They thus urge the members to vote against the original motion. Top of Page Consensus Another Method Of Decision-Making In Groups How many meetings does your group hold in a year to discuss issues or problems?How much time is spent in each regular meeting making decisions or solving problems? Does the discussion end with a proposal for action? One rule in parliamentary procedure that can hamper a free and easy exchange of ideas is Discussion can take blot only after a motion is proposed. In fact, a motion is a proposed course of action, a solu tion to a problem, or a decision. By focusing the groups attention on a solution before realizing the scope of the problem, the group may be voting on something that is only if inappropriate. Is the cart before the horse?A simple method of ensuring an effective group decision is to build a motion through consensus. This method eliminates a complicated amendment procedure after an initial motion has been proposed. It also ensures that a large majority will agree with the motion rather than the mere 51% required by a typical voting procedure. The following process can be used throughout the meeting for every problem the group needs to discuss. Step 1. Describe the issue or problem confronting the group. State the problem clearly and concisely. If it is complex, then write it out. Step 2.Gather all information relevant to the problem. All pertinent facts and ideas about the problem need to be heard in order to make a wise decision. Distinguish in the midst of facts and opinions. A decision can often be made right away. However, action may need to be deferred so that additional information can be gathered. Step 3. List all possible solutions or actions. Explore alternatives. Be creative. Use brainstorming techniques to generate new ideas, from every member. Step 4. discern the best possible solution. Use a process of elimination refine and combine parts of your list in step 3.Reaching consensus is not continuously easy. Some individuals become frustrated with the time taken for group decision-making. Also, this method relies on the discretion of the chair who eventually decides when a general agreement or common feeling has been reached. In some situations, if only extremely vocal and confident individuals dare to challenge the majority view, then the minority opinion is in danger of being suppressed. Using consensus, however, can result in higher quality decisions. The complicated rules of parliamentary procedure are reduced while maximum member partic ipation is encouraged.In the end, group decisions lead to group action Conclusion Whichever method your group chooses to make its decisions or conduct its meetings, the four principles of a democratic meeting must be followed. As more formal procedures are adopted, more complicated rules are followed. There is little reason for any one person to attempt to learn every rule of parliamentary procedure. To know where to find the answers is enough. The following references may help answer any questions not addressed in this Factsheet. References Parliamentary Procedure at a Glance. Jones, O. Garfield.